Biographical Directory of Documentation and Information - User contributions [en]

Domènec Turuguet i Mayol

2025-12-18T04:08:46Z

Smith2: Birth and death dates added to "Life" section.

'''Domènec Turuguet i Mayol''' (1924-2003) was an information scientist and chemist specializing in toxicology.
[[File:Domènec Turuguet i Mayol.png|alt=Domènec Turuguet i Mayol Credit: Tomàs Baiget |thumb|Domènec Turuguet i Mayol]]

=== '''Life''' ===
'''Domènec Turuguet i Mayol''' was born in 1924. As a child, he contracted polio, which required him to use crutches for the remainder of his life. Despite this, he possessed a warm and cheerful personality, and was well-regarded by all his colleagues. He was a regular participant at professional conferences, where he consistently contributed valuable insights.

Domènec Turuguet i Mayol graduated with a degree in Chemical Sciences, but his professional career focused on Information Science at the Barcelona Research and Development Center of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Subsequently, shortly after the launch of the National Occupational Safety and Health Plan (1971), he joined the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (INSHT). At the National Documentation Center (CND) —a leading resource in Spain, Latin America, and Europe for occupational health information— he developed a substantial body of work that served most professionals working in the field of occupational risk.

Turuguet was a founding member of the Societat Catalana de Documentació i Informació (SOCADI), established in Barcelona in 1984.

He married Maria [family name to be confirmed] and had no children. He died in 2003.

=== '''Contributions''' ===
Domènec Turuguet edited ''Boletín Bibliográfico'' (1973-1986), later renamed ''Erga. Revista bibliográfica sobre condiciones de trabajo'' (1987-2020), a publication that became a benchmark in the field of occupational health knowledge management. In an era and country where research was limited, particularly in occupational health, Domènec Turuguet dedicated his efforts to systematizing, updating, and contextualizing knowledge, recognizing that a modern society must address its challenges related to scientific information and documentation. He was an expert in thesaurus development and terminology.

=== '''Publications''' ===
Only bibliographic and LIS publications are listed.

El Centro de Información y Documentación del Servicio Social de Higiene y Seguridad del Trabajo. ''Conferencia Iberoamericana sobre Información y Documentación Científica y Tecnología: actas''. Madrid, 1978, pp. 67-69.

El centro de información y documentación del Servicio social de Higiene y Seguridad del trabajo. ''Revista española de documentación científica'', Vol. 2, Nº 1, 1979, pp. 35-38.

La CBD (Coordinadora de Documentación Biomédica): un intento de cooperación entre servicios de documentación biomédica de Catalunya. With Roser Cruells Serra. ''Primeras Jornadas Españolas de Documentación Automatizada'', 20-21 noviembre 1984, pp. 761-772.

''Bibliografía sobre contaminación y contaminantes''. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, 1985. ISBN 84-505-0998-X

Un tesauro sobre riegos profesionales y su prevención (experiencia concreta sobre su elaboración). ''Primeras Jornadas de Información y Documentación Biomédica'', Santander, junio de 1986. ISBN 84-398-9283-7, pp. 151-156.

CDU frente a Tesauro en la indización temática para la automatización de una biblioteca científico-técnica. ''Segundas Jornadas de Documentación Automatizada'', 20-22 noviembre 1986. ISBN 84-505-4512-9, pp. 275-286. [https://www.fesabid.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/1986-Malaga.pdf]

Sobre el análisis documental. ''Information World en Español'' (''IWE''), n. 9, noviembre de 1992, p. 7. [https://www.scimagoepi.com/sobre-el-analisis-documental]

Consideraciones sobre los tesauros. ''Information World en Español'' (''IWE''), n. 21, febrero de 1994, pp. 12-13. [https://www.scimagoepi.com/consideraciones-sobre-los-tesauros]

=== '''Further reading''' ===
Domènec Turuguet i Mayol (1924-2003). Jordi Castejón. ''Archivos de prevención de riesgos laborales'', Vol. 7, Nº. 1 (Enero-Marzo), 2004, pp. 28-29. [https://archivosdeprevencion.eu/view_document.php?tpd=2&i=1335]

Domenec Turuguet i Mayol

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Domenec Turuguet i Mayol

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Domenec Turuguet i Mayol

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Domènec Turuguet i Mayol

2025-12-18T02:37:14Z

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'''Domènec Turuguet i Mayol''' (1924-2003) was an information scientist and chemist specializing in toxicology.
[[File:Domènec Turuguet i Mayol.png|alt=Domènec Turuguet i Mayol Credit: Tomàs Baiget |thumb|Domènec Turuguet i Mayol]]

=== '''Life''' ===
As a child, he contracted polio, which required him to use crutches for the remainder of his life. Despite this, he possessed a warm and cheerful personality, and was well-regarded by all his colleagues. He was a regular participant at professional conferences, where he consistently contributed valuable insights.

Domènec Turuguet i Mayol graduated with a degree in Chemical Sciences, but his professional career focused on Information Science at the Barcelona Research and Development Center of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Subsequently, shortly after the launch of the National Occupational Safety and Health Plan (1971), he joined the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (INSHT). At the National Documentation Center (CND) —a leading resource in Spain, Latin America, and Europe for occupational health information— he developed a substantial body of work that served most professionals working in the field of occupational risk.

Turuguet was a founding member of the Societat Catalana de Documentació i Informació (SOCADI), established in Barcelona in 1984.

He married Maria [family name to be confirmed] and had no children.

=== '''Contributions''' ===
Domènec Turuguet edited ''Boletín Bibliográfico'' (1973-1986), later renamed ''Erga. Revista bibliográfica sobre condiciones de trabajo'' (1987-2020), a publication that became a benchmark in the field of occupational health knowledge management. In an era and country where research was limited, particularly in occupational health, Domènec Turuguet dedicated his efforts to systematizing, updating, and contextualizing knowledge, recognizing that a modern society must address its challenges related to scientific information and documentation. He was an expert in thesaurus development and terminology.

=== '''Publications''' ===
Note: Only bibliographic and LIS publications are listed.

El Centro de Información y Documentación del Servicio Social de Higiene y Seguridad del Trabajo. ''Conferencia Iberoamericana sobre Información y Documentación Científica y Tecnología: actas''. Madrid, 1978, pp. 67-69.

El centro de información y documentación del Servicio social de Higiene y Seguridad del trabajo. ''Revista española de documentación científica'', Vol. 2, Nº 1, 1979, pp. 35-38.

La CBD (Coordinadora de Documentación Biomédica): un intento de cooperación entre servicios de documentación biomédica de Catalunya. With Roser Cruells Serra. ''Primeras Jornadas Españolas de Documentación Automatizada'', 20-21 noviembre 1984, pp. 761-772.

''Bibliografía sobre contaminación y contaminantes''. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, 1985. ISBN 84-505-0998-X

Un tesauro sobre riegos profesionales y su prevención (experiencia concreta sobre su elaboración). ''Primeras Jornadas de Información y Documentación Biomédica'', Santander, junio de 1986. ISBN 84-398-9283-7, pp. 151-156.

CDU frente a Tesauro en la indización temática para la automatización de una biblioteca científico-técnica. ''Segundas Jornadas de Documentación Automatizada'', 20-22 noviembre 1986. ISBN 84-505-4512-9, pp. 275-286. [https://www.fesabid.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/1986-Malaga.pdf]

Sobre el análisis documental. ''Information World en Español'' (''IWE''), n. 9, noviembre de 1992, p. 7. [https://www.scimagoepi.com/sobre-el-analisis-documental]

Consideraciones sobre los tesauros. ''Information World en Español'' (''IWE''), n. 21, febrero de 1994, pp. 12-13. [https://www.scimagoepi.com/consideraciones-sobre-los-tesauros]

=== '''Further reading''' ===
Domènec Turuguet i Mayol (1924-2003). Jordi Castejón. ''Archivos de prevención de riesgos laborales'', Vol. 7, Nº. 1 (Enero-Marzo), 2004, pp. 28-29. [https://archivosdeprevencion.eu/view_document.php?tpd=2&i=1335]

Norbert Henrichs

2025-10-07T14:41:22Z

Smith2:

'''Norbert Henrichs''' (1935-2016) pioneered information science in Germany.

== Life ==
'''Norbert Henrichs''' was born on July 5, 1935 in Essen, Germany, was professor of information science at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, and died on May 2, 2016 in Düsseldorf.

== Contributions ==
Henrichs worked on the documentation of Philosophy, developed a Text-Word method of indexing, and was a leading contributor to the formulation and realization of the German Information & Documentation Program, 1974-1977.

=== Text-Word Method ===
Henrichs argued that each specialty had its own particular language and, therefore, standardized vocabularies, categories, and knowledge organization systems suppressed or distorted meanings and so should only be used for areas of stable, established normal science.

For less standardized areas, notably studies in philosophy and many humanistic and social disciplines, expertly selected words in the original (“text-words") should be used, with linguistic standardization to preferred grammatical forms and preferred forms of personal names.

Henrichs found an indexing depth of 0.5 – 2.0 terms per page to be effective. Thematic links are then established by noting intellectual associations between chosen text-words, thereby forming small sets ("chains") of text-words. Grammatical relationships are not used. Each set is assigned an identification number ("chain numbers"). A given text-word may be associated with more than one set. Text-words must be words used in the text, but they could be translated to create indexing in another language.

A worked example in Stock & Stock (2013, 740) for a 50 page book chapter in German on ''Gegenstandstheorie'' (Theory of objects) has 31 text-words and 4 personal names associated in 18 different chains. Text-word ''Gegenstandstheorie'' (Theory-of-objects) is associated in all the chains; ''Gegenstand'' (Object) is associated in chains 1-15; and ''Wirkliche, das'' (Real) is associated only in chains 2 and 3; and so on, e.g.

Gegenstandstheorie (1-18), Wirkliche, das (2-3), Existenz (4-5), Sosein (5-6), Objekt (10) . . .

English language index terms for this chapter would correspondingly be:

Theory-of-objects (1-18), Real (2-3), Existence (4-5), Being-so (5-6), Object, single (10) . . .

Advantages are claimed when the text-word method is used for historical studies of language, language development, and disciplines and in topical areas that lack firm terminology. If and when such a field becomes a stable, then knowledge organization systems developed for that domain become more suitable. Text-words and their chains may be a useful resource in the development of knowledge organization systems and controlled vocabularies.

Disadvantages are significant. Concepts are not used, only words found in the text and their thematic associations. There is no attention to synonyms, antonyms, and vocabulary control. Also, application depends on significant human linguistic and topical expertise which may be costly and hard to find.

== Publications ==
For a list of publications see ''Univ.-Prof. i. R., Dr. Norbert Henrichs. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Philosophische Fakultät'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160531223913/http://www.isi.hhu.de:80/nc/abteilungen/abteilung-fuer-informationswissenschaft/personal/detailseite.html?tt_address%5Bperson%5D=12139&tt_address%5Bfunktion%5D=14107].
Hauk & Stock (2012) and Stock (2016) list numerous publications.

== Further reading ==
*Hauk, Katharina and Wolfgang G. Stock,(2012), "Pioneers of information science in Europe. The œuvre of Norbert Henrichs", in Carbo, T. and T. Bellardo Hahn, T. (Eds), ''International Perspectives on the History of Information Science and Technology.'' Medford, NJ: Information Today, pp. 151-162.
*Stock, Wolfgang G. (2016). "Norbert Henrichs (1935–2016): Pionier der Informationswissenschaft in Deutschland" ''Information - Wissenschaft & Praxis'' 67, no. 4 (2016): 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1515/iwp-2016-0042
*Schröder, T.A., Hrsg. (2000). ''Auf dem Weg zur Informationskultur. Wa(h)re Information? Festschrift für Norbert Henrichs zum 65. Geburtstag''. Düsseldorf: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek.
*"Norbert Henrichs" ''[German] Wikipedia'' [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Henrichs]
*"Text-word method". In: Stock, Wolfgang G. & Mechtild Stock. (2013). ''Handbook of Information Science.'' Berlin: De Gruyter, pp: 735-43.

Lodewyk Bendikson

2025-09-18T18:58:55Z

Smith2:

'''Lodewyk Bendikson''' (1875-1953) was a US expert on photographic techniques in documentation.
[[File:Lodewyk Bendikson.jpg|alt=Lodewyk Bendikson uses a camera for microphotography|thumb|Lodewyk Bendikson]]

== Life ==
'''Lodewyk Bendikson''' was born in 1875 in Amsterdam. He received his early training at The Hague. A military career was originally intended, but he was unable to pass the required eye exams at the age of 12. He studied at the Latin High School (Gymnasium) in Amsterdam, then at the University of Amsterdam medical school graduating M.D. in 1901. He first visited the U.S. to do post graduate work at New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College and was a clinical assistant at Bellevue 1903-06. In 1906 he returned to the Netherlands, worked at the City of Amsterdam Hospital, then returned to the U.S. He established permanent residence in 1909. However, owing to frequent visits to Europe he did not qualify for U.S. citizenship until 1923. Bendikson was influenced by [[John Shaw Billings]], a former Surgeon General of the USA, who was responsible for the consolidation of the New York Public Library in 1910. They had come into contact at the New York Academy of Medicine.

In 1920 Bendikson joined the staff of the New York Public Library, then after six years, he joined the staff of the private library of the railroad magnate Henry E. Huntington in New York in February of 1916. Bendikson was one of the first to join the staff and and moved with it to its new building in San Marino, California, where he established a photographic laboratory in 1921 and developed and publicized photographic techniques for documentary reproduction, restoration, and forensic analysis.

In 1904 he married Estella M. van der Zijl. They lived in Pasadena and had no children. He retired in 1943 and died in 1953.

== Contributions ==
Bendikson worked for the Huntington Library for 27 years, during which time he developed and publicized photographic techniques in documentation, including photostats, microprint (inspiring Fremont Rider), photographic imaging, and forensic methods for deciphering damaged documents and detecting forgeries. His breakthroughs included the use of color filters to make an ink-stained page of Benjamin Franklin autobiography manuscript legible, infra-red imaging to make legible passages redacted by Spanish Inquisition censors, use of ultra-violet radiation to reveal invisible ink used for secret writing in Revolutionary era letters from Silas Deane to John Jay, and microphotographic methods to help distinguish authentic texts from facsimiles.

Bendikson's experimented with photostat reproduction: photographs made directly onto sensitized paper without in intermediate negative. His Huntington photostats were known to be of the best quality, both in terms of image clarity and resistance to fading. He also demonstrated that the fears that microphotographic film would rapidly deteriorate were unfounded. In some cases he was able to adapt existing equipment for his experiments, like his favored Leitz Ultrapak microscope, or the way he used his Leica camera in conjunction with a photostat mounting apparatus for ease of imaging. When he found ultra-violet light sources unsatisfactory for his work, however, he created a new highly successful yet cost-effective type of ultra-violet light source for documentary photography.
He was a founding member of the Board of editors and served as Associate Editor of the ''Journal of Documentary Reproduction'', published by the American Library Association, 1938-1942.

== Publications ==
Most of Bendikson’s publications are concerned with photographic techniques in documentation. Others are on early Netherlands imprints.
A checklist of Bendikson's publications was complied by M. K. Buckland in 2012 [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8s48n02d]. The more important are briefly characterized in “Lodewyk Bendikson and Photographic Techniques in Documentation, 1910 – 1943.” [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91f7w72s].

*"Phototechnical problems: Some results obtained at the Huntington library." ''Library Journal'' 57 (1932): 789-94.
*"The photography of ultra-violet fluorescence." ''Journal of the Photographic Society of America'' 1, no 1 (June 1936): 5, 6, 10 & 11.
*"Random thoughts about microphotography." ''Journal of Documentary Reproduction'' 2 (Sept 1939): 189-194. A retrospective overview of his work.

== Further reading ==
* Michael K. Buckland. "Lodewyk Bendikson and Photographic Techniques in Documentation, 1910–1943." pp 99-106 in: ''International Perspectives on the History of Information Science and Technology Worldwide, Baltimore, 2012''. Ed. by Toni Carbo and Trudi Bellardo Hahn. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2012. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91f7w72s]
*''The Photographer Versus the Spanish Inquisition''. San Marino, CA: The Huntington, 2020. 9 minute video on Bendikson’s forensic methods. [https://huntington.org/videos-recorded-programs/hdoc-photographer-versus-spanish-inquisition].
*"Invisible rays solve ancient mysteries." ''Popular Mechanics Magazine'' (May 1936): 717-719.
*Jake Zeitlin & Charles S. Dunning. "The camera finds new uses." ''Review of reviews'' 91 (Oct 1935): 32-33, 56. A condensed version was published as "Lilliputian libraries." ''Readers’ Digest'' 27, no 163 (Nov 1935): 93-94.
*Selke, Vicke. ''Huntington Library Imaging Center Tour: Lights! Camera! Magic!'' American Printing History Association. October 15, 2016. [https://printinghistory.org/lights-camera-magic/]

== Papers ==
The Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, CA, has professional papers including correspondence, articles, experimental photographs, lantern slides, etc., 1921-1950. Finding aid at [https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8hh6r5z/]

Manual of Style

2025-09-18T18:39:46Z

Smith2:

This biographical directory follows the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style], with a few modifications and enhancements. Consult the editors if you have any questions. See also our Template Page [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Template].

*The Mediawiki help pages are at [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents]
*Some Mediawiki functions have not yet been enabled so for the time being presentations may need to be simplified.
*Articles should concentrate on documentation and information science with minimal attention to other aspects of the individual or organization, especially when articles with a wider scope exist in the English Wikipedia (or elsewhere) where those other details are likely to be expertly written and updated. Cite those articles instead of copying them. They should be listed in the Further Reading section. Examples: [[Vannevar Bush]]. [[Wilhelm Ostwald]].
*Unlike most obituaries, articles should be evaluative and from a neutral point of view. Nevertheless, selective citing of obituaries is not discouraged.
*Explanation of why the subject is notable is needed. A concise explanation of particular distinctive contributions is strongly encouraged: Examples: [[Norbert Henrichs]], [[Jason Farradane]], [[Robert Pagès]].
*Publications: Many biographees and organizations published extensively. The Publications section should be quite selective with brief annotation encouraged. Whenever possible identify and cite a more complete list elsewhere. Where none is known please compile and publish one. If need be, such a list can be published here as a separate article, e.g. see [[Patrick Wilson Bibliography]].
*Foreign language titles should be given in their original form. English translations should be added selectively.
*Every entry should have a Further Reading section even if it only lists an obituary or directory entry.
*Personal or professional papers in an archive should be identified and noted in a Papers section.
*The External References section (positioned as the last appendix) is intended for a bulleted list of recommended generally relevant websites or other resources, each accompanied by a short description. Specific links to particular documents should all be in the body of the article. (Wikipedia articles often fail to follow with this Wikipedia policy).
*Many legacy articles still need to updated and revised to comply with this style.
*Articles for individuals and organizations primarily active in a non-English language may be written in that language. An English translation will need to be added as a parallel article.
*There should always be a link to (and preferably from) the corresponding English Wikipedia article and for non-anglophone individuals and organizations the corresponding article in corresponding language Wikipedia. Example: "Walter Schürmeyer" ''[German] Wikipedia'' [link]

== Selected Articles ==
The following articles are suggested as models to follow:

*Lodewyk Bendikson [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Lodewyk_Bendikson]
*Emanuel Goldberg [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Emanuel_Goldberg]
*Belver C. Griffith [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Belver_C._Griffith]
*Robert Pagès [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Robert_Pag%C3%A8s]

Eric Boehm

2025-09-14T02:33:23Z

Smith2:

'''Eric Boehm''' (July 15, 1918 – September 11, 2017), was a German-American publisher.

'''Eric H. Boehm''' was born on July 15, 1918 in Hof, Germany. At age 16 he was sent to live with relatives in Ohio to avoid Nazi antisemitism. He attended the College of Wooster from 1936 to 1940, graduating with degrees in Chemistry and History.

Rejected after a job interview in chemistry because of his religion, his chemistry professor found him a post as teaching assistant at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University where he pursued his interests in history and political affairs and received a Masters degree in 1942.

In 1942 he enlisted in the Army Air Corps and became a 1st Lieutenant in the intelligence branch in an interrogation center in England. He interrogated top leaders of Germany's aerial warfare branch and in Berlin in 1946 helped dissolve the Supreme Command of the German Luftwaffe.

He died on September 11, 2017.

== Publications ==
''We Survived: Fourteen Stories of the Hidden and Hunted in Nazi Germany''.

== Honors ==
* College of Wooster. Honorary doctorate for advances in computerization in publishing for the library market and for work in the dissemination of knowledge, 1973; Distinguished Alumnus Award, 1990.

== Further Reading ==
*'Memorial Biography: Eric H. Boehm, Ph.D. ''Remembered.com'' [[https://ericboehm.remembered.com/]]
*'ABC-Clio.' ''Wikipedia'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Clio]]

Eric Boehm

2025-09-14T02:05:27Z

Smith2:

'''Eric Boehm''' This is a stub.

== Further Reading ==
*'Memorial Biography: Eric H. Boehm, Ph.D.' ''Remembered.com'' [[https://ericboehm.remembered.com/]]
July 15, 1918 – September 11, 2017

Eric Boehm

2025-09-14T01:57:33Z

Smith2: Stub created.

'''Eric Boehm''' This is a stub.

Clifford Lynch

2025-08-05T19:20:03Z

Smith2: /* Awards */

''Note: this page is a stub.''

Clifford Lynch...

== Life ==
Director of the Coalition for Networked Information.

== Publications ==
For an extensive list of publications and interviews see ''Publications'' [https://www.cni.org/about-cni/history/clifford-a-lynch/publications]

*"Check Out the New Library: Clifford Lynch on information creation, management and organization in the digital environment." ''Ubiquity'' (July 2003), Article 6. Autobiographical interview. [https://doi.org/10.1145/941397.941398]

== Awards ==
*[[ASIST|Association for information Science and Technology]]. Award of Merit, 2008.

== Further Reading ==
*''Clifford A. Lynch''. Coalition for Networked Information. Brief obituary with extensive links to biographical sources. [https://www.cni.org/about-cni/history/clifford-a-lynch]
*Joan K. Lippincott, ed. “Networking Networks: A Festschrift Honoring Clifford Lynch, Executive Director, Coalition for Networked Information, 1997-2025.” Supplement to ''portal: Libraries and the Academy'' 25, no. 3 (July 2025). [https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/55108]
*''Tribute to Clifford Lynch''. University of California, Berkeley. School of Information. May 2, 2025. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JtPKE1iUfU]
*''Melvyl through time''. University of California. UC Libraries. [https://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/uclibrarysearch/melvyl-through-time/]

Clifford Lynch

2025-08-05T19:15:41Z

Smith2:

''Note: this page is a stub.''

Clifford Lynch...

== Life ==
Director of the Coalition for Networked Information.

== Publications ==
For an extensive list of publications and interviews see ''Publications'' [https://www.cni.org/about-cni/history/clifford-a-lynch/publications]

*"Check Out the New Library: Clifford Lynch on information creation, management and organization in the digital environment." ''Ubiquity'' (July 2003), Article 6. Autobiographical interview. [https://doi.org/10.1145/941397.941398]

== Awards ==
ASIST Award of Merit, 2008

== Further Reading ==
*''Clifford A. Lynch''. Coalition for Networked Information. Brief obituary with extensive links to biographical sources. [https://www.cni.org/about-cni/history/clifford-a-lynch]
*Joan K. Lippincott, ed. “Networking Networks: A Festschrift Honoring Clifford Lynch, Executive Director, Coalition for Networked Information, 1997-2025.” Supplement to ''portal: Libraries and the Academy'' 25, no. 3 (July 2025). [https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/55108]
*''Tribute to Clifford Lynch''. University of California, Berkeley. School of Information. May 2, 2025. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JtPKE1iUfU]
*''Melvyl through time''. University of California. UC Libraries. [https://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/uclibrarysearch/melvyl-through-time/]

Elfreda Chatman

2025-07-25T19:02:24Z

Smith2: /* Further reading */

'''Elfreda Chatman''' (1942-2002) was an African-American information science researcher.

== Life ==
'''Elfreda Annmary Chatman''' was born in 1942 in Youngstown, Ohio. She became the first African American to join the religious order of the Sisters of the Humility of Mary. In May 1969 she was arrested with twenty-two others after participating in a welfare rights sit-in at the Mahoning County office in Youngstown, Ohio. She also argued for positive images of blackness in the Roman Catholic church (Williams 2022, 189 & 197).

Chatman received her BS from Youngstown State University in 1971 and was a primary school principal. In 1976 she earned an her MS in Library Science at Case Western Reserve University. She completed a graduate Certificate in the School of Library and Information Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in 1978 and then a PhD in 1983. Her doctoral dissertation, guided by [[Patrick Wilson]] was on "The diffusion of information among the working poor." She continued to use her exceptional interpersonal skills and careful attention to methodologies to conduct studies on information-related behavior in a series of underprivileged communities: poor people, the elderly, retired women, female inmates, and janitors.

Chatman was a professor at the Louisiana State University School of Library and Information Science from 1984 to 1985, then for over a decade at the School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. From 1998 she taught at the School of Information Studies at Florida State University at the time of her death on January 15, 2002, at the age of 59.

== Contributions ==
Chatman's research resulted in several middle-range theories: information poverty, life in the round, and normative behavior. Based on her background in sociology, she developed her "small worlds" method of studying information behavior.

=== Life in the round ===
This theory draws on Chatman's study of female prisoners at a maximum-security prison in the northeastern United States. After observing inmates both during and outside of their interactions with the prison's professional employees, Chatman theorizes that the women live "in the round," that is, "within an acceptable degree of approximation and imprecision." Instead of seeking information about the outside world, over which they have no control, prisoners avoid gathering this type of information; in order to survive, they place importance on "daily living patterns, relationships, and issues that come within the prison environment" over which they can exercise agency. In this way, inmates display defensive information seeking behavior.

Inmates form a "small world," a closed community where private opinion yields to a shared reality its accompanying information-seeking behavior. Social norms established by inmates determine the importance or triviality of a piece of information; as such, information that affects prisoners in an immediate way (such as illness while medical staff are off-duty) gain importance, while information about the outside world becomes trivial. Chatman concludes that life in the round disfavors information seeking behavior, as there is no need to search for outside information. Prisoners "are not part of the world [...] being defined by outsiders" and because inmates do not need additional information to participate fully in their own reality, they do not seek it out.

Chatman saw that these disincentives to information seeking could become cultural norms in small worlds, and that these cultural norms could produce what she labeled information poverty, by perpetuating the avoidance of information that would be useful.

== Publications ==
*"Field Research: Methodological Themes." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 6, no 4 (1984): 425–438.
*"Information, Mass Media Use, and the Working Poor." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 7, no 2 (1985): 97–113.
*"Diffusion Theory: A review and test of a conceptual model in information diffusion." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 37, no 6 (1986): 377–386. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198611)37:6<377::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-c.
*"Opinion Leadership, Poverty, and Information Sharing." ''Reference Quarterly'' 26, no 3 (1987): 341–353.
*"The Information World of Low-Skilled Workers." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 9, no 4 (1987): 265–283.
*"Life in a Small World: Applicability of Gratification Theory to Information-Seeking Behavior." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 42, no 6 (1991): 438–449. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199107)42:6<438::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-B.
*"Alienation theory: Application of a conceptual framework to a study of information among janitors." ''Reference Quarterly'' 29, no 3 (1990): 355-368.
*"Channels to a Larger Social World: Older Women Staying in Contact with the Great Society." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 13, no 3 (1991): 281–300.
*''The information world of retired women''. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.
*"The Role of Mentorship in Shaping Public Library Leaders." ''Library Trends'' 40, no 3 (1992): 492–512. [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/7752]
*"Knowledge gap, information-seeking and the poor." With Victoria EM Pendleton. In: ''Library users and reference services''. Jo Bell Whitlatch, ed. New York : Haworth Press, 1995, pp. 135-145.
*"The Impoverished Life-World of Outsiders." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 47, no 3 (1996): 193–206. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199603)47:3<193::aid-asi3>3.3.co;2-m.
*"Small World Lives: Implications for the public library." With Victoria Pendleton.''Library Trends'' 46, no 4 (1998): 732-751. [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/8138]
*"A Theory of Life in the Round." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology'' 50, no 3 (1999): 207–217. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:3<207::aid-asi3>3.3.co;2-#.
*"Framing social life in theory and research." ''The New Review of Information Behaviour Research'' 1 (Dec 1, 2000): 3–17.

== Offices ==
*American Library Association. Library Research Round Table. Active during the 1980s and 1990s and Chair 1993-1994.

== Awards ==
*Association of College and Research Libraries. Best Book Award, 1995, for ''The Information World of Retired Women''.
*American Library Association. "Library Research Round Table Honors the Contributions of Dr. Elfreda A. Chatman." 2002. [https://www.ala.org/lrrt/popularresources/tributes/tributetochatman/tributedrelfreda]
*School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, confers the Elfreda Chatman [Student] Research Award. [https://sils.unc.edu/about-sils/awards/]
*The [[ASIST|Association for Information Science and Technology]] confers the Elfreda A. Chatman Research Award for research proposals in information behavior. [https://www.asist.org/sig/siguse/sig-use-awards/elfreda-a-chatman-research-award/]

== Further reading ==
*"Elfreda Chatman." ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfreda_Chatman]
*Williams, Shannen Dee. (2022). Subversive habits : Black Catholic nuns in the long African American freedom struggle. Durham. ISBN 978-1-4780-2281-7.
*Solomon, Paul. "Rounding and dissonant grounds." in: ''Theories of information behavior'', ed. by Karen Fisher, S. Erdelez & L. McKechnie. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2005, pp 308-312.
*Fulton, Crystal. "An Ordinary Life in the Round: Elfreda Annmary Chatman." ''Libraries & the Cultural Record'' 45, no 2 (2010): 238–259. doi:10.1353/lac.0.0122. S2CID 142616617.
*Thompson, Kim M. "Remembering Elfreda Chatman: A Champion of Theory Development in Library and Information Science Education." ''Journal of Education for Library and Information Science'' 50, no 2 (2009): 119–26. ?Archived from the original on 2012-04-25.
*Miksa, Shawne D. "Elfreda Chatman, Theorist and Teacher: Reflections on Her Lessons on Theory Development in Information Science." ''Journal of education for library and information science'' 2021-07, 62, no 3 (July 2021): 237-257

=== Related reading ===
*Burnett, Gary & Michele Besant. "Small Worlds: Normative behavior in virtual communities and feminist bookselling". ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology'' 52, no 7 (2001): 536–547. doi:10.1002/asi.1102.abs.
*Dawson, E. Murrell. "Reference group theory with implications for information studies: a theoretical essay." ''Information Research: An International Electronic Journal'' 6, no 3 (2001): 105-?.
*Huotari, Maija-Leena. "Using everyday life information seeking to explain organizational behavior." ''Library & Information Science Research'' 23, no 4 (2001): 351–366. doi:10.1016/s0740-8188(01)00093-7.
*Burnett, Gary, Karen E. Fisher, Crystal Fulton &Julia A. Hersberger. "Channelling Chatman: Questioning the applicability of a research legacy to todays small world realities". Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 43, no 1 (2006): 1–7. doi:10.1002/meet.1450430197.
*Jaeger, Paul T. & Gary Burnett. ''Information worlds : social context, technology, and information behavior in the age of the Internet''. New York : Routledge, 2010.
*González-Teruel, A., & F. Abad-García. "The influence of Elfreda Chatman’s theories: a citation context analysis." ''Scientometrics'' 117, no 3 (2018): 1793–1819. doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2915-3
*Pollock, Neil. "Conceptualising the Information Poor: An assessment of the contribution of Elfreda Chatman towards an understanding of behaviour within the context of information poverty." Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine (2002)
*Berti, I. C. L. W., E. da C. S. de Carvalho & V. A. dos Santos. "Práticas informacionais: contribuições de Elfreda Annmary Chatman a partir dos estudos de comportamento informacional" [Informational practices: contributions by Elfreda Annmary Chatman from informational behavior studies.] ''Revista Ibero-americana de Ciência da Informação''16, no 1 (Jan 2023): 5-25. [https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/42148/36597]

Elfreda Chatman

2025-07-25T19:00:22Z

Smith2: /* Further reading */

'''Elfreda Chatman''' (1942-2002) was an African-American information science researcher.

== Life ==
'''Elfreda Annmary Chatman''' was born in 1942 in Youngstown, Ohio. She became the first African American to join the religious order of the Sisters of the Humility of Mary. In May 1969 she was arrested with twenty-two others after participating in a welfare rights sit-in at the Mahoning County office in Youngstown, Ohio. She also argued for positive images of blackness in the Roman Catholic church (Williams 2022, 189 & 197).

Chatman received her BS from Youngstown State University in 1971 and was a primary school principal. In 1976 she earned an her MS in Library Science at Case Western Reserve University. She completed a graduate Certificate in the School of Library and Information Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in 1978 and then a PhD in 1983. Her doctoral dissertation, guided by [[Patrick Wilson]] was on "The diffusion of information among the working poor." She continued to use her exceptional interpersonal skills and careful attention to methodologies to conduct studies on information-related behavior in a series of underprivileged communities: poor people, the elderly, retired women, female inmates, and janitors.

Chatman was a professor at the Louisiana State University School of Library and Information Science from 1984 to 1985, then for over a decade at the School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. From 1998 she taught at the School of Information Studies at Florida State University at the time of her death on January 15, 2002, at the age of 59.

== Contributions ==
Chatman's research resulted in several middle-range theories: information poverty, life in the round, and normative behavior. Based on her background in sociology, she developed her "small worlds" method of studying information behavior.

=== Life in the round ===
This theory draws on Chatman's study of female prisoners at a maximum-security prison in the northeastern United States. After observing inmates both during and outside of their interactions with the prison's professional employees, Chatman theorizes that the women live "in the round," that is, "within an acceptable degree of approximation and imprecision." Instead of seeking information about the outside world, over which they have no control, prisoners avoid gathering this type of information; in order to survive, they place importance on "daily living patterns, relationships, and issues that come within the prison environment" over which they can exercise agency. In this way, inmates display defensive information seeking behavior.

Inmates form a "small world," a closed community where private opinion yields to a shared reality its accompanying information-seeking behavior. Social norms established by inmates determine the importance or triviality of a piece of information; as such, information that affects prisoners in an immediate way (such as illness while medical staff are off-duty) gain importance, while information about the outside world becomes trivial. Chatman concludes that life in the round disfavors information seeking behavior, as there is no need to search for outside information. Prisoners "are not part of the world [...] being defined by outsiders" and because inmates do not need additional information to participate fully in their own reality, they do not seek it out.

Chatman saw that these disincentives to information seeking could become cultural norms in small worlds, and that these cultural norms could produce what she labeled information poverty, by perpetuating the avoidance of information that would be useful.

== Publications ==
*"Field Research: Methodological Themes." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 6, no 4 (1984): 425–438.
*"Information, Mass Media Use, and the Working Poor." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 7, no 2 (1985): 97–113.
*"Diffusion Theory: A review and test of a conceptual model in information diffusion." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 37, no 6 (1986): 377–386. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198611)37:6<377::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-c.
*"Opinion Leadership, Poverty, and Information Sharing." ''Reference Quarterly'' 26, no 3 (1987): 341–353.
*"The Information World of Low-Skilled Workers." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 9, no 4 (1987): 265–283.
*"Life in a Small World: Applicability of Gratification Theory to Information-Seeking Behavior." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 42, no 6 (1991): 438–449. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199107)42:6<438::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-B.
*"Alienation theory: Application of a conceptual framework to a study of information among janitors." ''Reference Quarterly'' 29, no 3 (1990): 355-368.
*"Channels to a Larger Social World: Older Women Staying in Contact with the Great Society." ''Library and Information Science Research'' 13, no 3 (1991): 281–300.
*''The information world of retired women''. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.
*"The Role of Mentorship in Shaping Public Library Leaders." ''Library Trends'' 40, no 3 (1992): 492–512. [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/7752]
*"Knowledge gap, information-seeking and the poor." With Victoria EM Pendleton. In: ''Library users and reference services''. Jo Bell Whitlatch, ed. New York : Haworth Press, 1995, pp. 135-145.
*"The Impoverished Life-World of Outsiders." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 47, no 3 (1996): 193–206. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199603)47:3<193::aid-asi3>3.3.co;2-m.
*"Small World Lives: Implications for the public library." With Victoria Pendleton.''Library Trends'' 46, no 4 (1998): 732-751. [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/8138]
*"A Theory of Life in the Round." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology'' 50, no 3 (1999): 207–217. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:3<207::aid-asi3>3.3.co;2-#.
*"Framing social life in theory and research." ''The New Review of Information Behaviour Research'' 1 (Dec 1, 2000): 3–17.

== Offices ==
*American Library Association. Library Research Round Table. Active during the 1980s and 1990s and Chair 1993-1994.

== Awards ==
*Association of College and Research Libraries. Best Book Award, 1995, for ''The Information World of Retired Women''.
*American Library Association. "Library Research Round Table Honors the Contributions of Dr. Elfreda A. Chatman." 2002. [https://www.ala.org/lrrt/popularresources/tributes/tributetochatman/tributedrelfreda]
*School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, confers the Elfreda Chatman [Student] Research Award. [https://sils.unc.edu/about-sils/awards/]
*The [[ASIST|Association for Information Science and Technology]] confers the Elfreda A. Chatman Research Award for research proposals in information behavior. [https://www.asist.org/sig/siguse/sig-use-awards/elfreda-a-chatman-research-award/]

== Further reading ==
*"Elfreda Chatman." ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfreda_Chatman]
*Williams, Shannen Dee. (2022). Subversive habits : Black Catholic nuns in the long African American freedom struggle. Durham. ISBN 978-1-4780-2281-7.
*American Library Association. "Library Research Round Table Honors the Contributions of Dr. Elfreda A. Chatman." 2002. [Tribute to Dr. Elfreda A. Chatman". (2002)
*Solomon, Paul. "Rounding and dissonant grounds." in: ''Theories of information behavior'', ed. by Karen Fisher, S. Erdelez & L. McKechnie. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2005, pp 308-312.
*Fulton, Crystal. "An Ordinary Life in the Round: Elfreda Annmary Chatman." ''Libraries & the Cultural Record'' 45, no 2 (2010): 238–259. doi:10.1353/lac.0.0122. S2CID 142616617.
*Thompson, Kim M. "Remembering Elfreda Chatman: A Champion of Theory Development in Library and Information Science Education." ''Journal of Education for Library and Information Science'' 50, no 2 (2009): 119–26. ?Archived from the original on 2012-04-25.
*Miksa, Shawne D. "Elfreda Chatman, Theorist and Teacher: Reflections on Her Lessons on Theory Development in Information Science." ''Journal of education for library and information science'' 2021-07, 62, no 3 (July 2021): 237-257

=== Related reading ===
*Burnett, Gary & Michele Besant. "Small Worlds: Normative behavior in virtual communities and feminist bookselling". ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology'' 52, no 7 (2001): 536–547. doi:10.1002/asi.1102.abs.
*Dawson, E. Murrell. "Reference group theory with implications for information studies: a theoretical essay." ''Information Research: An International Electronic Journal'' 6, no 3 (2001): 105-?.
*Huotari, Maija-Leena. "Using everyday life information seeking to explain organizational behavior." ''Library & Information Science Research'' 23, no 4 (2001): 351–366. doi:10.1016/s0740-8188(01)00093-7.
*Burnett, Gary, Karen E. Fisher, Crystal Fulton &Julia A. Hersberger. "Channelling Chatman: Questioning the applicability of a research legacy to todays small world realities". Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 43, no 1 (2006): 1–7. doi:10.1002/meet.1450430197.
*Jaeger, Paul T. & Gary Burnett. ''Information worlds : social context, technology, and information behavior in the age of the Internet''. New York : Routledge, 2010.
*González-Teruel, A., & F. Abad-García. "The influence of Elfreda Chatman’s theories: a citation context analysis." ''Scientometrics'' 117, no 3 (2018): 1793–1819. doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2915-3
*Pollock, Neil. "Conceptualising the Information Poor: An assessment of the contribution of Elfreda Chatman towards an understanding of behaviour within the context of information poverty." Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine (2002)
*Berti, I. C. L. W., E. da C. S. de Carvalho & V. A. dos Santos. "Práticas informacionais: contribuições de Elfreda Annmary Chatman a partir dos estudos de comportamento informacional" [Informational practices: contributions by Elfreda Annmary Chatman from informational behavior studies.] ''Revista Ibero-americana de Ciência da Informação''16, no 1 (Jan 2023): 5-25. [https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/42148/36597]

Wilhelm Ostwald

2025-07-25T17:45:54Z

Smith2: /* Papers */

'''Wilhelm Ostwald''' (1853–1932) was German chemist and philosopher.

== Life ==
'''Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald''', a Baltic German, was born on 2 September [Old Style 21 August] 1853 in Riga, then in the Russian empire, now in Latvia. He entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1872. He completed his ''Kandidatenschrift'' examinations there in 1875. During his time at Dorpat, Ostwald had significant exposure to the humanities, the arts, and philosophy, which became a focus of his endeavors after his 1906 retirement. He received his magister degree in 1877 and doctorate in 1878.

In 1881 Ostwald became a Professor of Chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum (now Riga Technical University). In 1887 he moved to Leipzig University where he became Professor of Physical Chemistry and led the Institute for Physical Chemistry until his retirement in 1906. He had several distinguished students including [[Emanuel Goldberg]].

In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. He died in Leipzig, Germany, on 4 April 1932.

== Contributions related to Documentation ==
He was one of the founders of physical chemistry and received the Nobel Prize in 1909. He pioneered sabbatical leave by being the first "exchange professor" at Harvard University in 1904 and 1905. In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. Here we are concerned only with his contributions to documentation and information science.

Thomas Hapke (1998, p. 145) has written that "... Ostwald can be seen as a predecessor of information science. Ostwald predicted the arrival of the information specialist as a consequence of the growing division of scientific work. ‘Therefore, it is ever more necessary for the news service in science, which has been organized up to now in periodicals, annual reports, and similar literary aids, to be built up in such a way that it will be managed by co-workers who are more skillful because specially trained.’ (Ostwald, 1909, p175 [Hapke's transl.])”

*The structure of research literatures. Ostwald wrote and edited prodigiously with a clear sense of the purpose and roles of different genres, including the reprinting of classic publications.
*International standard paper sizes. in 1911 Ostwald proposed a world format (''Weltformat'') based on the aspect ratio 1:&Sqrt;2 (approx. 1:1.414) which, when folded in half, retains the same aspect ration. This became, with minor changes the present international standard (ISO 216) including the widely used A4 size.

=== Die Brücke ===
Inspired by [[Paul Otlet]] and the [[International Institute for Bibliography]] and by a proposal by Karl Bührer and Adolf Saager, Ostwald co-founded [[Die Brücke]] - Internationales Institut zur Organisierung der geistigen Arbeit (The Bridge - International institute to organize intellectual work) in Munich on June 11, 1911. It was largely funded by Ostwald's Nobel Prize money.

The "Bridge" was intended as a central hub connecting ("bridging") all institutions, organizations, and individuals "working for culture and civilization." It was particularly concerned with standardization of paper sizes and the "monographic principle," a form of hypertext in which individual records of knowledge on card could be added, linked, and updated as a dynamic encyclopedia constituting a world brain.

== Publications ==
Ostwald published more than 500 original research papers for the scientific literature, approximately 45 books and thousands of reviews. For an exhaustive list see ''Wilhelm Ostwald Gesamtschriftenverzeichnis''. Grossbothen : Vorstand der Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft, 2002- .
*Walden (1904) provides a list to 1903. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]

*''Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaft''. [Energetic foundations of sociology.] Leipzig: Klinkhardt. 1909. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006555995]
*''Das Gehirn der Welt''. [The world brain.] Munich: Die Brücke, 1912. Also published in ''Nord und Süd,'' Jahrgang 1912, Heft 1 (Jan. 1912): 63-66. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007918991]
*"Scientific management for scientist. 'The Bridge.' The trust idea applied to intellectual production." ''Scientific American'' 108, no1 (Jan 4, 1913): 5-6. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000505081]
*''Lebenslinien. Eine Selbstbiographie von Wilhelm Ostwald''. Autobiography. Various editions. Translated as ''Wilhelm Ostwald: The Autobiography''. Cham: Springer, 2017.

== Honors ==
*Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1909.

== Further Reading ==
*"Wilhelm Ostwald." ''Wikipedia'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald]]
*Walden, Paul. ''Wilhelm Ostwald''. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. In German. Biography and bibliography. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]
*Hapke, Thomas. "Wilhelm Ostwald, the 'Brücke' (Bridge), and Connections to Other Bibliographic Activities at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," In: ''Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on the History and Heritage of Science Information Systems''. Ed. by Mary Ellen Bowden, Trudi Bellardo Hahn & Robert V. Williams. Published for the American Society for Information Science and Technology and the Chemical Heritage Foundation by Information Today, Medford, NJ, 1999, pp. 139-47. [[http://wayback.archive-it.org/2118/20101023161313/http://assets.chemheritage.org/explore/ASIS_documents/ASIS98_Hapke.pdf]]
*Krajewski, Markus. ''Restlosigkeit. Weltprojekte um 1900''. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2006. Kap. 2: "Die Einheit der Vielfalt. Wilhelm Ostwalds Welt-Bildungen," pp. 64–140.
*Satoh, Takashi. "The Bridge movement in Munich and Ostwald’s treatise in the organization of knowledge." ''Libri'' 37, no 1 (1987): 1-24.
*Lewandrowski, Peter. "Der Kampf Wilhelm Ostwalds um die Schaffung eines einheitlichen Informations- und Dokumentationssystems der Wissenschaft -- "Die Bruecke."" [William Ostwald's campaign to provide a unified information and documentation system for science]. In: ''Internationales Symposium anlaesslich des 125. Geburtstages von Wilhelm Ostwald''. (Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR). Jg. 1979, Nr 13/N) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Pp.149-156.
*Sachsse, Rolf. "Das Gehirn der Welt: 1912: Die Organisation der Organisationen durch die Bruecke: Ein vergessenes Kapitel mediengeschichte." [The World Brain: 1912: The Organization of Organizations through The Bridge: A Forgotten Chapter of Media History]. ''Telepolis'' [e-journal. Dated 19 Nov 1998.].

== Papers ==
*Wilhelm Ostwald Park, Grossbothen, Saxony, Germany. Research center in Ostwald's home with his library. [https://wilhelm-ostwald-park.de/en/]
*Archiv der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities). Ostwald's correspondence. [https://archiv.bbaw.de/suche?tx_solr%5Bq%5D=ostwald]

Wilhelm Ostwald

2025-07-25T17:45:22Z

Smith2: /* Papers */

'''Wilhelm Ostwald''' (1853–1932) was German chemist and philosopher.

== Life ==
'''Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald''', a Baltic German, was born on 2 September [Old Style 21 August] 1853 in Riga, then in the Russian empire, now in Latvia. He entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1872. He completed his ''Kandidatenschrift'' examinations there in 1875. During his time at Dorpat, Ostwald had significant exposure to the humanities, the arts, and philosophy, which became a focus of his endeavors after his 1906 retirement. He received his magister degree in 1877 and doctorate in 1878.

In 1881 Ostwald became a Professor of Chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum (now Riga Technical University). In 1887 he moved to Leipzig University where he became Professor of Physical Chemistry and led the Institute for Physical Chemistry until his retirement in 1906. He had several distinguished students including [[Emanuel Goldberg]].

In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. He died in Leipzig, Germany, on 4 April 1932.

== Contributions related to Documentation ==
He was one of the founders of physical chemistry and received the Nobel Prize in 1909. He pioneered sabbatical leave by being the first "exchange professor" at Harvard University in 1904 and 1905. In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. Here we are concerned only with his contributions to documentation and information science.

Thomas Hapke (1998, p. 145) has written that "... Ostwald can be seen as a predecessor of information science. Ostwald predicted the arrival of the information specialist as a consequence of the growing division of scientific work. ‘Therefore, it is ever more necessary for the news service in science, which has been organized up to now in periodicals, annual reports, and similar literary aids, to be built up in such a way that it will be managed by co-workers who are more skillful because specially trained.’ (Ostwald, 1909, p175 [Hapke's transl.])”

*The structure of research literatures. Ostwald wrote and edited prodigiously with a clear sense of the purpose and roles of different genres, including the reprinting of classic publications.
*International standard paper sizes. in 1911 Ostwald proposed a world format (''Weltformat'') based on the aspect ratio 1:&Sqrt;2 (approx. 1:1.414) which, when folded in half, retains the same aspect ration. This became, with minor changes the present international standard (ISO 216) including the widely used A4 size.

=== Die Brücke ===
Inspired by [[Paul Otlet]] and the [[International Institute for Bibliography]] and by a proposal by Karl Bührer and Adolf Saager, Ostwald co-founded [[Die Brücke]] - Internationales Institut zur Organisierung der geistigen Arbeit (The Bridge - International institute to organize intellectual work) in Munich on June 11, 1911. It was largely funded by Ostwald's Nobel Prize money.

The "Bridge" was intended as a central hub connecting ("bridging") all institutions, organizations, and individuals "working for culture and civilization." It was particularly concerned with standardization of paper sizes and the "monographic principle," a form of hypertext in which individual records of knowledge on card could be added, linked, and updated as a dynamic encyclopedia constituting a world brain.

== Publications ==
Ostwald published more than 500 original research papers for the scientific literature, approximately 45 books and thousands of reviews. For an exhaustive list see ''Wilhelm Ostwald Gesamtschriftenverzeichnis''. Grossbothen : Vorstand der Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft, 2002- .
*Walden (1904) provides a list to 1903. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]

*''Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaft''. [Energetic foundations of sociology.] Leipzig: Klinkhardt. 1909. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006555995]
*''Das Gehirn der Welt''. [The world brain.] Munich: Die Brücke, 1912. Also published in ''Nord und Süd,'' Jahrgang 1912, Heft 1 (Jan. 1912): 63-66. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007918991]
*"Scientific management for scientist. 'The Bridge.' The trust idea applied to intellectual production." ''Scientific American'' 108, no1 (Jan 4, 1913): 5-6. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000505081]
*''Lebenslinien. Eine Selbstbiographie von Wilhelm Ostwald''. Autobiography. Various editions. Translated as ''Wilhelm Ostwald: The Autobiography''. Cham: Springer, 2017.

== Honors ==
*Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1909.

== Further Reading ==
*"Wilhelm Ostwald." ''Wikipedia'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald]]
*Walden, Paul. ''Wilhelm Ostwald''. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. In German. Biography and bibliography. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]
*Hapke, Thomas. "Wilhelm Ostwald, the 'Brücke' (Bridge), and Connections to Other Bibliographic Activities at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," In: ''Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on the History and Heritage of Science Information Systems''. Ed. by Mary Ellen Bowden, Trudi Bellardo Hahn & Robert V. Williams. Published for the American Society for Information Science and Technology and the Chemical Heritage Foundation by Information Today, Medford, NJ, 1999, pp. 139-47. [[http://wayback.archive-it.org/2118/20101023161313/http://assets.chemheritage.org/explore/ASIS_documents/ASIS98_Hapke.pdf]]
*Krajewski, Markus. ''Restlosigkeit. Weltprojekte um 1900''. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2006. Kap. 2: "Die Einheit der Vielfalt. Wilhelm Ostwalds Welt-Bildungen," pp. 64–140.
*Satoh, Takashi. "The Bridge movement in Munich and Ostwald’s treatise in the organization of knowledge." ''Libri'' 37, no 1 (1987): 1-24.
*Lewandrowski, Peter. "Der Kampf Wilhelm Ostwalds um die Schaffung eines einheitlichen Informations- und Dokumentationssystems der Wissenschaft -- "Die Bruecke."" [William Ostwald's campaign to provide a unified information and documentation system for science]. In: ''Internationales Symposium anlaesslich des 125. Geburtstages von Wilhelm Ostwald''. (Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR). Jg. 1979, Nr 13/N) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Pp.149-156.
*Sachsse, Rolf. "Das Gehirn der Welt: 1912: Die Organisation der Organisationen durch die Bruecke: Ein vergessenes Kapitel mediengeschichte." [The World Brain: 1912: The Organization of Organizations through The Bridge: A Forgotten Chapter of Media History]. ''Telepolis'' [e-journal. Dated 19 Nov 1998.].

== Papers ==
*Wilhelm Ostwald Park, Grossbothen, Saxony, Germany. Research center with Ostwald's home with his library. [https://wilhelm-ostwald-park.de/en/]
*Archiv der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities). Ostwald's correspondence. [https://archiv.bbaw.de/suche?tx_solr%5Bq%5D=ostwald]

Wilhelm Ostwald

2025-07-25T17:43:34Z

Smith2:

'''Wilhelm Ostwald''' (1853–1932) was German chemist and philosopher.

== Life ==
'''Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald''', a Baltic German, was born on 2 September [Old Style 21 August] 1853 in Riga, then in the Russian empire, now in Latvia. He entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1872. He completed his ''Kandidatenschrift'' examinations there in 1875. During his time at Dorpat, Ostwald had significant exposure to the humanities, the arts, and philosophy, which became a focus of his endeavors after his 1906 retirement. He received his magister degree in 1877 and doctorate in 1878.

In 1881 Ostwald became a Professor of Chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum (now Riga Technical University). In 1887 he moved to Leipzig University where he became Professor of Physical Chemistry and led the Institute for Physical Chemistry until his retirement in 1906. He had several distinguished students including [[Emanuel Goldberg]].

In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. He died in Leipzig, Germany, on 4 April 1932.

== Contributions related to Documentation ==
He was one of the founders of physical chemistry and received the Nobel Prize in 1909. He pioneered sabbatical leave by being the first "exchange professor" at Harvard University in 1904 and 1905. In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. Here we are concerned only with his contributions to documentation and information science.

Thomas Hapke (1998, p. 145) has written that "... Ostwald can be seen as a predecessor of information science. Ostwald predicted the arrival of the information specialist as a consequence of the growing division of scientific work. ‘Therefore, it is ever more necessary for the news service in science, which has been organized up to now in periodicals, annual reports, and similar literary aids, to be built up in such a way that it will be managed by co-workers who are more skillful because specially trained.’ (Ostwald, 1909, p175 [Hapke's transl.])”

*The structure of research literatures. Ostwald wrote and edited prodigiously with a clear sense of the purpose and roles of different genres, including the reprinting of classic publications.
*International standard paper sizes. in 1911 Ostwald proposed a world format (''Weltformat'') based on the aspect ratio 1:&Sqrt;2 (approx. 1:1.414) which, when folded in half, retains the same aspect ration. This became, with minor changes the present international standard (ISO 216) including the widely used A4 size.

=== Die Brücke ===
Inspired by [[Paul Otlet]] and the [[International Institute for Bibliography]] and by a proposal by Karl Bührer and Adolf Saager, Ostwald co-founded [[Die Brücke]] - Internationales Institut zur Organisierung der geistigen Arbeit (The Bridge - International institute to organize intellectual work) in Munich on June 11, 1911. It was largely funded by Ostwald's Nobel Prize money.

The "Bridge" was intended as a central hub connecting ("bridging") all institutions, organizations, and individuals "working for culture and civilization." It was particularly concerned with standardization of paper sizes and the "monographic principle," a form of hypertext in which individual records of knowledge on card could be added, linked, and updated as a dynamic encyclopedia constituting a world brain.

== Publications ==
Ostwald published more than 500 original research papers for the scientific literature, approximately 45 books and thousands of reviews. For an exhaustive list see ''Wilhelm Ostwald Gesamtschriftenverzeichnis''. Grossbothen : Vorstand der Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft, 2002- .
*Walden (1904) provides a list to 1903. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]

*''Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaft''. [Energetic foundations of sociology.] Leipzig: Klinkhardt. 1909. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006555995]
*''Das Gehirn der Welt''. [The world brain.] Munich: Die Brücke, 1912. Also published in ''Nord und Süd,'' Jahrgang 1912, Heft 1 (Jan. 1912): 63-66. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007918991]
*"Scientific management for scientist. 'The Bridge.' The trust idea applied to intellectual production." ''Scientific American'' 108, no1 (Jan 4, 1913): 5-6. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000505081]
*''Lebenslinien. Eine Selbstbiographie von Wilhelm Ostwald''. Autobiography. Various editions. Translated as ''Wilhelm Ostwald: The Autobiography''. Cham: Springer, 2017.

== Honors ==
*Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1909.

== Further Reading ==
*"Wilhelm Ostwald." ''Wikipedia'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald]]
*Walden, Paul. ''Wilhelm Ostwald''. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. In German. Biography and bibliography. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]
*Hapke, Thomas. "Wilhelm Ostwald, the 'Brücke' (Bridge), and Connections to Other Bibliographic Activities at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," In: ''Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on the History and Heritage of Science Information Systems''. Ed. by Mary Ellen Bowden, Trudi Bellardo Hahn & Robert V. Williams. Published for the American Society for Information Science and Technology and the Chemical Heritage Foundation by Information Today, Medford, NJ, 1999, pp. 139-47. [[http://wayback.archive-it.org/2118/20101023161313/http://assets.chemheritage.org/explore/ASIS_documents/ASIS98_Hapke.pdf]]
*Krajewski, Markus. ''Restlosigkeit. Weltprojekte um 1900''. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2006. Kap. 2: "Die Einheit der Vielfalt. Wilhelm Ostwalds Welt-Bildungen," pp. 64–140.
*Satoh, Takashi. "The Bridge movement in Munich and Ostwald’s treatise in the organization of knowledge." ''Libri'' 37, no 1 (1987): 1-24.
*Lewandrowski, Peter. "Der Kampf Wilhelm Ostwalds um die Schaffung eines einheitlichen Informations- und Dokumentationssystems der Wissenschaft -- "Die Bruecke."" [William Ostwald's campaign to provide a unified information and documentation system for science]. In: ''Internationales Symposium anlaesslich des 125. Geburtstages von Wilhelm Ostwald''. (Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR). Jg. 1979, Nr 13/N) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Pp.149-156.
*Sachsse, Rolf. "Das Gehirn der Welt: 1912: Die Organisation der Organisationen durch die Bruecke: Ein vergessenes Kapitel mediengeschichte." [The World Brain: 1912: The Organization of Organizations through The Bridge: A Forgotten Chapter of Media History]. ''Telepolis'' [e-journal. Dated 19 Nov 1998.].

== Papers ==
*Wilhelm Ostwald Park, Grossbothen, Saxony, Germany. Research center in Ostwald's home. [https://wilhelm-ostwald-park.de/en/]
*Archiv der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities). Ostwald's correspondence. [https://archiv.bbaw.de/suche?tx_solr%5Bq%5D=ostwald]

Template

2025-07-10T19:42:06Z

Smith2:

The Biographical Directory of Documentation and Information Science follows the Wikipedia Manual of Style with emphases as noted. Look at existing articles for examples. Components in the following order. Plain text can be sent to the editors who can create an article and add formatting mark-up. Note that the Biographical Directory is primarily an educational device.

# ''Title''. Use the most-used form of personal name, as in US library cataloging practice. Add differentiating details if needed.
# Short description, including: Name, dates, nationality, salient characteristic. 40 or so characters (e.g. Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler (1928-2025), American industrial engineer). The short description is useful for category lists and disambiguation and is not shown in the Wikipedia desktop display. This wiki does not have the short description functionality, so please provide one at the beginning of each article as plain text pending increased functionality.
# Life. Full name and widely used nickname (e.g. “Ferd”). Include:
#* Brief factual statement: When and where the person was born.
#* Higher education degrees; the dissertation topic or title may be included if relevant.
#* Employment: Employer, role and dates. (Note that major activities outside of employment are generally better to include under Contributions).
#* Date of retirement and any major retirement activities. When and where they died.
# Contributions.
#* How they influenced the field of information science (why is this individual included?).
#* In a case where the individual is very closely associated with a particular development, name and, if practical, try to add a concise explanation, especially if it is not well-known and/or explanations not easily found elsewhere(for example, see Jason Farradane (Relational indexing); Norbert Henrichs (Word-text method); Calvin Northrup Mooers (Zatocoding).
#* In cases where the individual or organization was primarily known for other, unrelated work, mention (and link to that other work) and concentrate here on what was influential for our field, e.g. Vannevar Bush, Wilhelm Ostwald.
# Publications.
#* Cite any known complete or large list of the individual’s writings, often found in a festschrift or biography. If none is known and you are familiar with the individual’s writings, please generate a checklist and, even if not complete, deposit it at any repository and provide a link, e.g. Robert Pagès. Otherwise, this wiki could add a separate bibliography page, e.g. Patrick Wilson Bibliography. Google scholar often provides a useful listing, even for older writers, e.g. Edwin Slosson. If computer-related, try https://dblp.org/
#* Selection of 6-8 or so individual publications, based on perceived importance, utility, and to illustrate range. Google Scholar’s citation counts may be helpful selection indicators for more recent publications. Do not limit to digital resources. Add a link to any open-access copy whenever known. Treat oral history recordings as publications.
# Offices. Selected major association or public service appointments not part of employment.
# Awards. Selected major honors, prizes, honorary degrees, etc.
# Further reading. Try to find publications describing or assessing the individual’s contribution, if not in English, also add the best in English. Always cite the Wikipedia article, if one exists. Minimally, include an obituary issued by a funeral home, a newspaper, or a professional journal. This section can greatly increase the educational and research value of an article.
# Papers. Any major deposit of personal or professional papers. Commonly, a finding list can be found and should be cited.

COMMENTS:

* The Contributions and Further reading sections can greatly increase the educational value.
* The Publications and Further reading section can make each article a valuable bibliographical tool.
* If an individual was primarily active in a language other than English, consider preparing a page entirely in that language and consult the editors about arranging a separate English language translated page.
* Emphasize quality rather than length or completeness, especially when material is available on Wikipedia or elsewhere.
* See also ''Editing Manual of Style''. [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Manual_of_Style]

SAMPLE ARTICLES
The following articles are suggested as models to follow:
*Lodewyk Bendikson [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Lodewyk_Bendikson]
*Emanuel Goldberg [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Emanuel_Goldberg]
*Belver C. Griffith [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Belver_C._Griffith]
*Robert Pagès [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Robert_Pag%C3%A8s]

Template

2025-07-10T19:40:20Z

Smith2:

The Biographical Directory of Documentation and Information Science follows the Wikipedia Manual of Style with emphases as noted. Look at existing articles for examples. Components in the following order. Plain text can be sent to the editors who can create an article and add formatting mark-up. Note that the Biographical Directory is primarily an educational device.

# ''Title''. Use the most-used form of personal name, as in US library cataloging practice. Add differentiating details if needed.
# Short description, including: Name, dates, nationality, salient characteristic. 40 or so characters (e.g. Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler (1928-2025), American industrial engineer). The short description is useful for category lists and disambiguation and is not shown in the Wikipedia desktop display. This wiki does not have the short description functionality, so please provide one at the beginning of each article as plain text pending increased functionality.
# Life. Full name and widely used nickname (e.g. “Ferd”). Include:
#* Brief factual statement: When and where the person was born.
#* Higher education degrees; the dissertation topic or title may be included if relevant.
#* Employment: Employer, role and dates. (Note that major activities outside of employment are generally better to include under Contributions).
#* Date of retirement and any major retirement activities. When and where they died.
# Contributions.
#* How they influenced the field of information science (why is this individual included?).
#* In a case where the individual is very closely associated with a particular development, name and, if practical, try to add a concise explanation, especially if it is not well-known and/or explanations not easily found elsewhere(for example, see Jason Farradane (Relational indexing); Norbert Henrichs (Word-text method); Calvin Northrup Mooers (Zatocoding).
#* In cases where the individual or organization was primarily known for other, unrelated work, mention (and link to that other work) and concentrate here on what was influential for our field, e.g. Vannevar Bush, Wilhelm Ostwald.
# Publications.
#* Cite any known complete or large list of the individual’s writings, often found in a festschrift or biography. If none is known and you are familiar with the individual’s writings, please generate a checklist and, even if not complete, deposit it at any repository and provide a link, e.g. Robert Pagès. Otherwise, this wiki could add a separate bibliography page, e.g. Patrick Wilson Bibliography. Google scholar often provides a useful listing, even for older writers, e.g. Edwin Slosson. If computer-related, try https://dblp.org/
#* Selection of 6-8 or so individual publications, based on perceived importance, utility, and to illustrate range. Google Scholar’s citation counts may be helpful selection indicators for more recent publications. Do not limit to digital resources. Add a link to any open-access copy whenever known. Treat oral history recordings as publications.
# Offices. Selected major association or public service appointments not part of employment.
# Awards. Selected major honors, prizes, honorary degrees, etc.
# Further reading. Try to find publications describing or assessing the individual’s contribution, if not in English, also add the best in English. Always cite the Wikipedia article, if one exists. Minimally, include an obituary issued by a funeral home, a newspaper, or a professional journal. This section can greatly increase the educational and research value of an article.
# Papers. Any major deposit of personal or professional papers. Commonly, a finding list can be found and should be cited.

COMMENTS:

* The Contributions and Further reading sections can greatly increase the educational value.
* The Publications and Further reading section can make each article a valuable bibliographical tool.
* If an individual was primarily active in a language other than English, consider preparing a page entirely in that language and consult the editors about arranging a separate English language translated page.
* Emphasize quality rather than length or completeness, especially when material is available on Wikipedia or elsewhere.

SAMPLE ARTICLES
The following articles are suggested as models to follow:
*Lodewyk Bendikson [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Lodewyk_Bendikson]
*Emanuel Goldberg [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Emanuel_Goldberg]
*Belver C. Griffith [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Belver_C._Griffith]
*Robert Pagès [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Robert_Pag%C3%A8s]

Emanuel Goldberg

2025-07-10T19:38:19Z

Smith2:

'''Emanuel Goldberg''' (1881-1970), a Russian-born inventor active in Germany and Israel.

==Life ==
'''Emanuel Goldberg''' was born in Moscow on 31 August 1881 (19 August 1881. Old Style). Denied admission to the Imperial Technical School because of the limitation on Jewish students, he graduated in chemistry from the University of Moscow following studies at Germany universities, then left Russia permanently. Returning to Germany he studied the effect of light on chemical reactions and completed a Ph.D. in 1906 at the Institute for Physical Chemistry led by Wilhelm Ostwald at the University of Leipzig in 1906

From 1907 to 1917 Goldberg taught photography and reprography at the Royal Academy of Graphic Arts and Bookcraft (Königliche Akademie für graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe, later the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst) in Leipzig. In 1917, after serving as a consultant for the Carl Zeiss Stiftung in Jena, he was appointed to the Zeiss photographic equipment subsidiary Ica (Internationale Camera Aktien Gesellschaft) in Dresden and charged to modernize production methods and to develop new products. In 1926 Ica merged with three other firms to form Zeiss Ikon under Goldberg’s leadership.

In 1933 he was kidnapped by Nazis thugs. Released, he moved to Paris, France, where he worked for Zeiss subsidiaries until 1937 when he resigned and moved to Palestine. In Tel Aviv he established Professor Goldberg’s Laboratory for Precision Instruments (later Goldberg Instruments) which engaged in the manufacture and repair of equipment and in research and development for the Israeli government. Goldberg retired in 1960 and died on 13 September 1970. His firm became Electro-Optical Industry Ltd (El Op) in Rehovot and later merged into Elbit Systems Ltd.

Goldberg married Sophie Posniak (1886 – 1968) in 1907. They had a son, Herbert Goldberg (born 1914) and a daughter Renate Eva (1922-2015), who changed her name to Chava and married Mordechai Gichon (1922-2016) in 1948. Emanuel Goldberg died on September 13, 1970.

== Contribution ==
Goldberg described himself as “a chemist by learning, a physicist by calling, and a mechanic by birth” He was a designer, always seeking to develop new or improved equipment with an emphasis on miniaturization and ease of use. It helped that he was also a skilled and versatile craftsman. Goldberg liked to boast that he was very lazy because of the time devoted to improving ease of use. He was recruited to Ica to to modernize production methods and to improve and expand the range of photographic equipment produced. Restrictions imposed under the Treaty of Versailles prevented a planned diversification into military equipment so Goldberg focused on equipment for amateur and scientific cinematography. His Kinamo movie camera used a clock spring mechanism to avoid the need for skilled hand cranking or dependence on electrical power and was small enough to be hand-held, avoiding the need for a tripod. The Kinamo camera used cassettes of 25 meters of standard 35 mm film but was extremely compact measuring only 6 inches high, 5½ inches wide and 4 inches deep (15 x 14 x 10 cm). It was widely used for home movies, in scientific laboratories, and by avantgarde movie makers, notably by Joris Ivens.

Much of Goldberg's work was concerned with sensitometry. He first became widely known in 1910 for an improved method for making neutral gelatin wedges ("Goldberg wedge") that were widely used in sensitometry before photoelectric light meters became affordable. His “densograph” greatly reduced the labor required to measure the characteristic curves of photographic emulsions. Other work clarified the optimal rotation of half tone printing plates to minimize moiré effects. The Goldberg Condition, now better known as the Gamma rule, expressed how an imperfect analog recording gradient (e.g., a “weak” photographic negative) can be corrected by a second process with an imperfect gradient that is complementary (e.g., printing on “hard” printing paper). This also had application in analog film sound tracks.
Goldberg’s research on the resolution of photographic images included experimenting with extreme reduction microphotography and in 1925 he produced his "Goldberg microdot" (Mikrat nach Goldberg). Using a microscope in reverse as a camera and a largely grainless collodion emulsion, he produced legible photographs of text reduced to 1-2 microns (thousandths of a millimeter), equivalent to the entire text of the Bible fifty times over on one square inch. Although Goldberg documented his technique in multiple publications, a widely read and widely cited article by J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, inexplicably attributed the invention of Goldberg’s microdot to a non-existent Professor Zapp.

Such extreme reduction is of little practical use, but raised the question of how to search among microfilmed images too small to read. His solution was an electronic search engine that predated digital computers. Documents were microfilmed on standard 35 mm film with a pattern of opaque dots next to each page representing encoded metadata. The resulting film could then be run through the movie gate of an adapted 35 mm projector. A perforated card with holes expressing a search query was inserted between the projector lamp and the film gate and a photoelectric cell was placed beyond the film. The search card blocked the light from the projector lamp except where the holes allowed very thin beams, which a lens focused on to the metadata portion of each frame of film. Whenever the light beams defined by the search card were all blocked by opaque metadata dots on the film, no light could reach the photoelectric cell, a ”hit” was detected and the document detected. This system was demonstrated at the Eighth International Congress of Photography (Dresden, 1931). At least two working prototypes were constructed but neither has survived. It was called a Statistical Machine in its US patent 1,838,389, 29 December 1931.
The imaginary Memex in Vannevar Bush’s famous essay, “As we may think,” extrapolated the capabilities of Bush’s Microfilm Rapid Selector design, which was an unacknowledged variation of Goldberg’s already patented Statistical Machine.
In 1925 the Leitz company introduced the Leica high precision 35 camera and Goldberg led the development of a competitive Zeiss Ikon product, the Contax, introduced 1932. After Goldberg left Zeiss Ikon, his successor, Heinz Küppenbender, took credit for the design of the Contax.

== Awards ==
* Peligot Medal, Société française de photographie et de cinématographie, 1931.
* Honorary Doctor of Science in Technology, The Technion, Haifa, 1957.
* Israel Prize, in exact science, 1968.
* An Emanuel Goldberg Prize for outstanding doctoral dissertations is awarded by the Robert Luther Foundation, Dresden, Germany.

== Works ==
=== Inventions (Selected) ===
* The Goldberg wedge was a simple gelatin wedge widely used in sensitometry, 1910.
* Densograph for plotting sensitometric characteristic curves, 1914.
* Numerous improvements to photographic equipment while at Ica and Zeiss Ikon, 1917-1933.
* Kinamo movie camera, 1921.
* Microdot (“Mikrat nach Goldberg”), 1925.
* Search engine (Statistical Machine), 1927.
* With Robert Luther proposed first national film speed standard, DIN 4512, 1931.
* Contax 35 camera, 1932.

=== Publications (Selected) ===
* ''Farbenphotographie und Farbendruck''. Leipzig: Verlag des deutscher Buchgewerbevereins, 1908.
* ''Die Grundlagen der Reproduktionstechnik: In gemeindverständlicher Darstellung''. Halle: Knapp, 1912; 2 nd ed., 1923.
* ''Der Aufbau des photographischen Bildes. Teil I: Helligkeitsdetails''. Halle: Knapp, 1922.
* "A new process of micro-photography" ''British Journal of Photography'' 73, no. 3458 (August 13, 1926): 462-465.
* Kampmann, Carl. ''Die graphische Kunste''. Vierte Auflage. Neubearbeitet von Prof. Dr. E. Goldberg. Berlin und Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1927. (Sammlung Goschen, Bd. 75)
* "Das Registrierproblem in der Photographie". In ''International Congress of Photography (8th: 1931: Dresden)'', pp. 317-320. English translation: "The retrieval problem in photography (1932)" ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 43, no. 4 (May 1992):295-298.

== Further reading ==
* Michael K. Buckland. (2006). ''Emanuel Goldberg and his knowledge machine: information, invention, and political forces''. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31332-5. Includes lists of publications and patents. German translation published as: ''Von Mikrofilm zur Wissensmaschine: Goldberg zwischen Medientechnik und Politik''. Berlin: Avinus, 2010. ISBN 978-3-86938-015-5.
* Michael K. Buckland. "Emanuel Goldberg, Electronic Document Retrieval, and Vannevar Bush's Memex" ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 43, no. 4 (May 1992): 284–294. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dz5c7m9]
* Shmuel Neumann. (1957). "Prof. Emanuel Goldberg" ''Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel'' 5C(no 4): i, iii-v. Special issue in honor of Goldberg.
* Ralph R. Shaw. "The Rapid Selector." ''Journal of Documentation'' 5: 164–71.
* Michael K. Buckland. (2008). "The Kinamo movie camera, Emanuel Goldberg and Joris Ivens" ''Film History'' 20 (1): 49–58. doi:10.2979/FIL.2008.20.1.49. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3078b45s]

== Archival sources ==
The Technische Sammlungen museum, Dresden, has Goldberg’s surviving papers and memorabilia and material collected for his biography (Buckland Collection). The corporate records of Ica and Zeiss Ikon were destroyed, but copies of many significant documents survive in the Ernemann / Zeiss Ikon series in the Hauptstaatsarchiv, Dresden. The Betriebsarchiv Carl Zeiss in Jena has material on Zeiss Ikon and on Goldberg. The Sächisches Staatsarchiv in Leipzig has material on the Academy for Graphic Arts and on Goldberg.

Main Page

2025-06-20T17:26:18Z

Smith2:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Biographical Directory of Documentation and Information Science}}

= Biographical Directory of Documentation and Information Science =
This Biographical Directory of Documentation and Information Science is an international effort to document the lives and contributions of people and organizations who have made substantial contributions to the field.

This resource is designed to enable historical work in the field by identifying pioneering individuals and organizations significant to the development of Information Science, and providing locations of personal papers and archival records related to these individuals and organizations.

List of all '''[[Special:AllPages|pages]]'''.

DISCLAIMER: Note that most of the entries are stubs or otherwise need to be improved.

It also includes a list of known [[oral histories|'''oral histories''']] of information scientists.
=== '''[[History of Original Project.|History]]''' ===
"Pioneers of Information Science" was initiated by Dr. Robert V. Williams, Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, School of Library and Information Science, University of South Carolina in 1996. The objectives of that project were to locate and document the archives and personal papers of individuals and organizations from the U.S. and Canada that were significant to the development of Information Science and Technology in the 20th century. Read more about the original project [[History of Original Project.|here]].

=== '''[[Editorial Policies|Contributions and Editorial Policies:]]''' ===
We invite contributions from all members of the information science community. We especially seek international contributions. If you would like to write an entry, please read about the [[Scope|'''scope''']] of the project and create a short article (a stub) that includes the individual or organization that you wish to nominate and submit it to the editors at biographicaleditor at gmail dot com.

See also our ''Manual of Style'' [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Manual_of_Style].

The wiki is governed by an editorial board who hold all responsibility for the content of the project.

__NOINDEX__

Manual of Style

2025-06-19T18:58:25Z

Smith2:

This biographical directory follows the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style], with a few modifications and enhancements. Consult the editors if you have any questions.

*The Mediawiki help pages are at [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents]
*Some Mediawiki functions have not yet been enabled so for the time being presentations may need to be simplified.
*Articles should concentrate on documentation and information science with minimal attention to other aspects of the individual or organization, especially when articles with a wider scope exist in the English Wikipedia (or elsewhere) where those other details are likely to be expertly written and updated. Cite those articles instead of copying them. They should be listed in the Further Reading section. Examples: [[Vannevar Bush]]. [[Wilhelm Ostwald]].
*Unlike most obituaries, articles should be evaluative and from a neutral point of view. Nevertheless, selective citing of obituaries is not discouraged.
*Explanation of why the subject is notable is needed. A concise explanation of particular distinctive contributions is strongly encouraged: Examples: [[Norbert Henrichs]], [[Jason Farradane]], [[Robert Pagès]].
*Publications: Many biographees and organizations published extensively. The Publications section should be quite selective with brief annotation encouraged. Whenever possible identify and cite a more complete list elsewhere. Where none is known please compile and publish one. If need be, such a list can be published here as a separate article, e.g. see [[Patrick Wilson Bibliography]].
*Foreign language titles should be given in their original form. English translations should be added selectively.
*Every entry should have a Further Reading section even if it only lists an obituary or directory entry.
*Personal or professional papers in an archive should be identified and noted in a Papers section.
*The External References section (positioned as the last appendix) is intended for a bulleted list of recommended generally relevant websites or other resources, each accompanied by a short description. Specific links to particular documents should all be in the body of the article. (Wikipedia articles often fail to follow with this Wikipedia policy).
*Many legacy articles still need to updated and revised to comply with this style.
*Articles for individuals and organizations primarily active in a non-English language may be written in that language. An English translation will need to be added as a parallel article.
*There should always be a link to (and preferably from) the corresponding English Wikipedia article and for non-anglophone individuals and organizations the corresponding article in corresponding language Wikipedia. Example: "Walter Schürmeyer" ''[German] Wikipedia'' [link]

== Selected Articles ==
The following articles are suggested as models to follow:

*Lodewyk Bendikson [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Lodewyk_Bendikson]
*Emanuel Goldberg [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Emanuel_Goldberg]
*Belver C. Griffith [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Belver_C._Griffith]
*Robert Pagès [https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Robert_Pag%C3%A8s]

Manual of Style

2025-06-19T18:57:18Z

Smith2:

This biographical directory follows the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style], with a few modifications and enhancements. Consult the editors if you have any questions.

*The Mediawiki help pages are at [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents]
*Some Mediawiki functions have not yet been enabled so for the time being presentations may need to be simplified.
*Articles should concentrate on documentation and information science with minimal attention to other aspects of the individual or organization, especially when articles with a wider scope exist in the English Wikipedia (or elsewhere) where those other details are likely to be expertly written and updated. Cite those articles instead of copying them. They should be listed in the Further Reading section. Examples: [[Vannevar Bush]]. [[Wilhelm Ostwald]].
*Unlike most obituaries, articles should be evaluative and from a neutral point of view. Nevertheless, selective citing of obituaries is not discouraged.
*Explanation of why the subject is notable is needed. A concise explanation of particular distinctive contributions is strongly encouraged: Examples: [[Norbert Henrichs]], [[Jason Farradane]], [[Robert Pagès]].
*Publications: Many biographees and organizations published extensively. The Publications section should be quite selective with brief annotation encouraged. Whenever possible identify and cite a more complete list elsewhere. Where none is known please compile and publish one. If need be, such a list can be published here as a separate article, e.g. see [[Patrick Wilson Bibliography]].
*Foreign language titles should be given in their original form. English translations should be added selectively.
*Every entry should have a Further Reading section even if it only lists an obituary or directory entry.
*Personal or professional papers in an archive should be identified and noted in a Papers section.
*The External References section (positioned as the last appendix) is intended for a bulleted list of recommended generally relevant websites or other resources, each accompanied by a short description. Specific links to particular documents should all be in the body of the article. (Wikipedia articles often fail to follow with this Wikipedia policy).
*Many legacy articles still need to updated and revised to comply with this style.
*Articles for individuals and organizations primarily active in a non-English language may be written in that language. An English translation will need to be added as a parallel article.
*There should always be a link to (and preferably from) the corresponding English Wikipedia article and for non-anglophone individuals and organizations the corresponding article in corresponding language Wikipedia. Example: "Walter Schürmeyer" ''[German] Wikipedia'' [link]

== Selected Articles ==
The following articles are suggested as models to follow:

*Lodewyk Bendikson [[https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Lodewyk_Bendikson]]
*Emanuel Goldberg [[https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Emanuel_Goldberg]]
*Belver C. Griffith [[https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Belver_C._Griffith]]
*Robert Pagès [[https://asist.a2hosted.com/index.php/Robert_Pag%C3%A8s]]

Scope

2025-06-19T18:54:42Z

Smith2:

=== '''1. Topical scope''': ===
Historical development of documentation and information internationally. Limit to topics concerned with individuals’ knowledge, knowledge in society, documents and documentation. Exclude information technology ''per se'' and information science / systems science concerned with physical patterns (entropy, fractals, cybernetics, etc,) unless related to knowledge and documents.

   Closely related fields sometimes have existing biographical resources (e.g., the excellent ''Dictionary of American Library Biography'', 1978-2003), but I am not aware of any updated, open access resources. They have the same need.

   Comment: As with selection of individuals, there is little disadvantage in including (rather than excluding) when in doubt.

   Suggestion 1: Initially, start with narrow scope: documentation and information science.

   Suggestion 2: In marginal cases tend to inclusion rather than exclusion.

   Suggestion 3: If the policies and project succeed as well as we expect and this wiki is well-established, then, after a couple of years, consider deliberate expansion to a more comprehensive coverage including any and all related fields: libraries, archives, museum documentation, etc., probably with broader governance structure and sponsorship (IFLA, ALA, etc.).

=== '''2. Criteria for inclusion''': ===
1. Shift emphasis from ''pioneers'' to ''influence'' in or on the field, liberally interpreted to include teaching, writing, theory, history, design, implementation, funding, institutional support, whatever: Architects and visionaries in modern Information Science

2. The Pioneer pages was limited to North America and an emphasis on ASIST. Our scope should be international in scale and have a similar emphasis on organizations nationally and internationally that are or were comparable to ASIST (e.g., Aslib, FID, ISKO, ACM SIGIR, IASSIST, IIS, IFLA, etc.).

3. Note distinction between (i) influence ''in'' the field by an insider (e.g., Jesse Shera, B.C. Brookes) and (ii) influence ''on'' the field by an outsider (e.g., Vannevar Bush, Thomas Kuhn), who may predate or be unaware of the field but whose work influenced it.

NB The Wikipedia offers advice on assessing candidates for biographical articles and also has the criterion “Noteworthy.” We should be more open to biographee input and primary sources that the Wkipedia is.

=== '''3. Organizations:''' ===
The Pioneers website had quite varied entries for very diverse organizations: historic specialist companies, large corporations, government agencies, scholarly organizations, and educational institutions. Developing this coverage policy would be an enormous expansion. Such material can be quite valuable, especially for early specialized companies and organizations (e.g., Documentation, Inc,; Zator Inc.; the Concilium Bibliographicum). In many cases the these are closely associated with one or very few individuals (Mortimer Taube; Calvin Mooers; Herbert Field) but not always (e.g., Aslib; Batelle; NIDER (Netherlands). Organizations are probably more likely to have surviving archival records than persons.

   Perhaps a mixed policy initially :

1. Incorporate with entry for person when closely associated.

2. Separate entry when not.

3. Limit to specialized organizations

4. Use “Category” indexing to provide a virtual list (or a narrative page with links).

5. Encourage publication of narrative accounts outside the wiki.

6. Reconsider policy and/or a separate directory project in the future.

Robert Pagès

2025-06-19T02:35:51Z

Smith2: /* Publications */

'''Robert Pagès''' (1919-2007) was a French documentalist and social psychologist.

== Life ==
'''Robert Pagès''' was born on Aug 25, 1919, in Belmontet (Lot), France. He became an anarchist activist and a student of Georges Canguilhem. Pagès completed his Licence de philosophie in Toulouse in 1940 and later a Diplôme d’études supérieures de philosophie. After the Second World War he studied psychology at the Sorbonne. In 1946 Pagès entered the program for professional education in Documentation established by Suzanne Briet and others at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM). In 1951 this program was designated the Institut National de Techniques de Documentation (INTD). Pagès taught at the Institut National de Techniques de Documentation from 1953 to 1960.

In 1950 he joined the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) and then in 1952 joined the Laboratory for Social Psychology (Laboratoire de psychologie sociale) which was founded by Daniel Lagache at the Sorbonne. Pagès and later transferred to the University of Paris VII. Pagès was designated Head (Chef) of the Laboratory from 1954 to 1970, then Director from 1970 until his retirement in 1985. He died in Levallois-Perret (Hauts-de-Seine) on July 25, 2007.

Pagès married Michèle Anselme. They had a daughter Brigitte, later Tara Michaël and a son Yves Pagès.

== Contributions ==
Robert Pagès and his laboratory were influential in the development of social psychology in France. He wrote extensively on methodology, on psychological pressure (“emprise”), and many other topics. He was skeptical of formal models which he regarded as detached from reality. He preferred ''in vivo'' small group experiments from which one might extrapolate to a wider population. This preference and his strongly socialist perspective led him to the work of the utopian socialist Charles Fourier (1772-1837), Jean-Baptiste Godin (1817-1888), and past experiments in idealistic communities.

As a documentalist he was concerned with the social role of documents and the design of indexing languages with an emphasis on using grammar to represent relationships.

=== Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context ===
Pagès wrote a thesis on the social role of documentation which was later published as an article: "Transformations documentaires et milieu culturel" [Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context] '' Review of Documentation'' 15 Iss. 3 (1948): pp. 53–64. Reprinted with an introduction and English translation in "Robert Pagès: Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context" [Special issue] ''Proceedings from the Document Academy'' [https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam/vol8/iss1/]. He wrote that documentation was a profession that unified and advanced library science and other specialized fields; that documentation facilitated planned societies; and that "La documentation est à la culture ce que la machinerie est à l’industrie'" [Documentation is to society what machinery is to industry]. He also addressed the significant distinction between specimens and "particulars" (unique objects).

=== CODOC. “Analyse codée.” ===
Pagès led the development of a very concise indexing language known as CODOC (from COde DOCumentaire, documentary code) for materials in the social psychology laboratory It reflected his view that it was important to index relationships between concepts as well as the concepts and optical coincidence equipment was used in his laboratory for searching. The notation was very concise. Relationships were indicated by superior numerals and, like algebra, parentheses used to show grammatical structure as, e.g.

(ra9a)5i Philosophy of science applied to behavior
ra9(a5i) Philosophy of the science of behavior.

== Publications ==
A checklist of Pagès’ writings lists some 300 items, but the great majority exist only as typescript or duplicated gray literature. Michael K. Buckland, ''Robert Pagès – Bibliography''. Berkeley, CA, 2022. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8dw393m6]

* "Transformations documentaires et milieu culturel (Essai de documentologie)" ''Review of documentation'' 15, fasc. 3 (1948): 53-64. Reprinted with an introduction and English translation (“Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context”) as a special issue of ''Proceedings from the Document Academy'' 8(1) 2021. [https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam/vol8/iss1/]
* ''Problèmes de classification culturelle et documentaire''. [Problems of cultural and documentary classification.] Paris: Union Française des Organismes de Documentation, 167 pp. An encyclopedic review.
* ''Itinéraire du seul; essai''. [The journey of the individual: Essay.] Paris: Laffont, 1962. An discussion of awareness.
* ''L'exigence, roman''. [The need: A novel.] Paris: Laffont, 1964. About a man's midlife crisis.

== Further reading ==
* "Hommage à Robert Pagès" [Special issue] ''Bulletin de psychologie'' 2009/3 (Numéro 501) [http://www.cairn.info/revue-bulletin-de-psychologie-2009-3.htm]
* Demailly, André. 1991. ''La psychologie sociale. H.-A. Simon & R. Pagès''. Lyon, Editions l’Interdisciplinaire, 1993. ISBN 2-907447-15-7.
* Demailly, André. 1992. "Robert Pagès et l’analyse codée". ''Documentaliste'' 29, n 2 (1992): 59-72.
* Le Deuff, Olivier. "Robert Pagès, une nécessaire redécouverte par les sciences de l’information". ''Savoirs cdi'', April 2018. [https://www.reseau-canope.fr/savoirscdi/societe-de-linformation/le-monde-du-livre-et-des-medias/les-penseurs-de-linformation-de-la-documentation-et-de-la-pedagogie/robert-pages-une-necessaire-redecouverte-par-les-sciences-de-linformation.html]
* Day, Ronald E. "Robert Pagès’ concept of the 'auto-document' as a forerunner to neo-documentation’s philosophy of documentality". ''Journal of Documentation'' 80 No. 4, (2024) pp. 813-823. [https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-07-2023-0123]

== Papers ==
Bibliothèque Henri Piéron, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris: Fonds Pagès. [https://calames.abes.fr/pub/#details?id=FileId-2950]

Robert Pagès

2025-06-19T02:33:47Z

Smith2: /* Publications */

'''Robert Pagès''' (1919-2007) was a French documentalist and social psychologist.

== Life ==
'''Robert Pagès''' was born on Aug 25, 1919, in Belmontet (Lot), France. He became an anarchist activist and a student of Georges Canguilhem. Pagès completed his Licence de philosophie in Toulouse in 1940 and later a Diplôme d’études supérieures de philosophie. After the Second World War he studied psychology at the Sorbonne. In 1946 Pagès entered the program for professional education in Documentation established by Suzanne Briet and others at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM). In 1951 this program was designated the Institut National de Techniques de Documentation (INTD). Pagès taught at the Institut National de Techniques de Documentation from 1953 to 1960.

In 1950 he joined the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) and then in 1952 joined the Laboratory for Social Psychology (Laboratoire de psychologie sociale) which was founded by Daniel Lagache at the Sorbonne. Pagès and later transferred to the University of Paris VII. Pagès was designated Head (Chef) of the Laboratory from 1954 to 1970, then Director from 1970 until his retirement in 1985. He died in Levallois-Perret (Hauts-de-Seine) on July 25, 2007.

Pagès married Michèle Anselme. They had a daughter Brigitte, later Tara Michaël and a son Yves Pagès.

== Contributions ==
Robert Pagès and his laboratory were influential in the development of social psychology in France. He wrote extensively on methodology, on psychological pressure (“emprise”), and many other topics. He was skeptical of formal models which he regarded as detached from reality. He preferred ''in vivo'' small group experiments from which one might extrapolate to a wider population. This preference and his strongly socialist perspective led him to the work of the utopian socialist Charles Fourier (1772-1837), Jean-Baptiste Godin (1817-1888), and past experiments in idealistic communities.

As a documentalist he was concerned with the social role of documents and the design of indexing languages with an emphasis on using grammar to represent relationships.

=== Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context ===
Pagès wrote a thesis on the social role of documentation which was later published as an article: "Transformations documentaires et milieu culturel" [Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context] '' Review of Documentation'' 15 Iss. 3 (1948): pp. 53–64. Reprinted with an introduction and English translation in "Robert Pagès: Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context" [Special issue] ''Proceedings from the Document Academy'' [https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam/vol8/iss1/]. He wrote that documentation was a profession that unified and advanced library science and other specialized fields; that documentation facilitated planned societies; and that "La documentation est à la culture ce que la machinerie est à l’industrie'" [Documentation is to society what machinery is to industry]. He also addressed the significant distinction between specimens and "particulars" (unique objects).

=== CODOC. “Analyse codée.” ===
Pagès led the development of a very concise indexing language known as CODOC (from COde DOCumentaire, documentary code) for materials in the social psychology laboratory It reflected his view that it was important to index relationships between concepts as well as the concepts and optical coincidence equipment was used in his laboratory for searching. The notation was very concise. Relationships were indicated by superior numerals and, like algebra, parentheses used to show grammatical structure as, e.g.

(ra9a)5i Philosophy of science applied to behavior
ra9(a5i) Philosophy of the science of behavior.

== Publications ==
A checklist of Pagès’ writings lists some 300 items, but the great majority exist only as typescript or duplicated gray literature. Michael K. Buckland, ''Robert Pagès – Bibliography''. Berkeley, CA, 2022. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8dw393m6]

* "Transformations documentaires et milieu culturel (Essai de documentologie)" ''Review of documentation'' 15, fasc. 3 (1948): 53-64. Reprinted with an introduction and English translation (“Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context”) as a special issue of ''Proceedings from the Document Academy'' 8(1) 2021. [https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam/vol8/iss1/]
* ''Problèmes de classification culturelle et documentaire''. [Problems of cultural and documentary classification.] Paris: Union Française des Organismes de Documentation, 167 pp. An encyclopedic review.
* ''Itinéraire du seul; essai''. [The journey of the individual: Essay.] Paris: Laffont, 1962. An discussion of
* ''L'exigence, roman''. [The need: A novel.] Paris: Laffont, 1964. About a man's midlife crisis.

== Further reading ==
* "Hommage à Robert Pagès" [Special issue] ''Bulletin de psychologie'' 2009/3 (Numéro 501) [http://www.cairn.info/revue-bulletin-de-psychologie-2009-3.htm]
* Demailly, André. 1991. ''La psychologie sociale. H.-A. Simon & R. Pagès''. Lyon, Editions l’Interdisciplinaire, 1993. ISBN 2-907447-15-7.
* Demailly, André. 1992. "Robert Pagès et l’analyse codée". ''Documentaliste'' 29, n 2 (1992): 59-72.
* Le Deuff, Olivier. "Robert Pagès, une nécessaire redécouverte par les sciences de l’information". ''Savoirs cdi'', April 2018. [https://www.reseau-canope.fr/savoirscdi/societe-de-linformation/le-monde-du-livre-et-des-medias/les-penseurs-de-linformation-de-la-documentation-et-de-la-pedagogie/robert-pages-une-necessaire-redecouverte-par-les-sciences-de-linformation.html]
* Day, Ronald E. "Robert Pagès’ concept of the 'auto-document' as a forerunner to neo-documentation’s philosophy of documentality". ''Journal of Documentation'' 80 No. 4, (2024) pp. 813-823. [https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-07-2023-0123]

== Papers ==
Bibliothèque Henri Piéron, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris: Fonds Pagès. [https://calames.abes.fr/pub/#details?id=FileId-2950]

Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler

2025-06-19T01:10:11Z

Smith2:

'''Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler''' (1928-2025), American industrial engineer.

== Life ==
'''Ferdinand ("Ferd") Francis Leimkuhler''' was born on December 31, 1928 in Baltimore, Maryland. He completed a bachelor's degrees in chemistry at Loyola University and in engineering science from Johns Hopkins University. He then worked briefly for DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware before returning to Johns Hopkins for a doctorate in industrial engineering with a dissertation on the transport of radioactive materials.

In 1961 Leimkuhler joined the School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana and taught courses in operations research and engineering economics. He headed the program from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1981 to 1993. He was visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at the University of Ljubliana, Slovenia.

He retired in 2000 and died on May 17, 2025 in Berkeley, California.

== Contributions ==
In addition his varied interests in industrial engineering Leimkuhler pioneered the application of operations techniques to library problems and analyses of [[S. C. Bradford|Bradford's]] law of scattering modeling the dispersion of literature on a topic across different journals.

== Publications ==
Numerous publications relating to information systems and library planning are listed in Buckland, M. K. & D. H. Kraft, eds. "A bibliography on Operations Research in libraries." Pp. 355-392. In: Brophy, P., M. K. Buckland, & A. Hindle, eds. ''Reader in Operations Research for Libraries''. Englewood, CO: Information Handling Services, 1976. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ws5q97x]

*''Trucking of radioactive materials: safety vs. economy in highway transport''. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1963.
*"Compact book storage in libraries." With J. G. Cox. ''Operations Research'' 12, no. 3 (1964): 419-427.
*"Systems analysis in university libraries." ''College & Research Libraries'' 27, no. 1 (1966): 13-18.
*"The Bradford distribution." ''Journal of documentation'' 23, no. 3 (1967): 197-207.
*"Analytical models for library planning." With M. D. Cooper. ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 22, no. 6 (1971): 390-398.
*"Library and information center management." With A. Billingsley. ''Annual review of information science and technology'' 7 (1972): 499-533.
*"A relationship between Lotka's law, Bradford's law, and Zipf's law." With Ye‐Sho Chen. ''Journal of the American Society for information science 37'', no. 5 (1986): 307-314.
*''An enduring quest: the story of Purdue industrial engineers''. Purdue University Press, 2009.

== Offices ==
*Technical Assistance Program, Purdue University. Director, 1993-2000.

== Further reading ==
*"Ferdinand F. Leimkuhler." ''Journal & Courier'' (Lafayette, Indiana). [https://www.jconline.com/obituaries/psbn1200329]
*''Ferdinand Leimkuhler 1928-2025.'' Purdue University, Edwardson School of Industrial Engineering. Obiturary. [https://engineering.purdue.edu/IE/news/2025/ferdinand-leimkuhler]
*"Ferdinand F. Leimkuhler." ''[German] Wikipedia'' [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_F._Leimkuhler]

Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler

2025-06-17T19:28:13Z

Smith2:

'''Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler''' (1928-2025) was an American industrial engineer.

== Life ==
'''Ferdinand ("Ferd") Francis Leimkuhler''' was born on December 31, 1928 in Baltimore, Maryland. He completed a bachelor's degrees in chemistry at Loyola University and in engineering science from Johns Hopkins University. He then worked briefly for DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware before returning to Johns Hopkins for a doctorate in industrial engineering with a dissertation on the transport of radioactive materials.

In 1961 Leimkuhler joined the School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana and taught courses in operations research and engineering economics. He headed the program from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1981 to 1993. He was visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at the University of Ljubliana, Slovenia.

He retired in 2000 and died on May 17, 2025 in Berkeley, California.

== Contributions ==
In addition his varied interests in industrial engineering Leimkuhler pioneered the application of operations techniques to library problems and analyses of [[S. C. Bradford|Bradford's]] law of scattering modeling the dispersion of literature on a topic across different journals.

== Publications ==
Numerous publications relating to information systems and library planning are listed in Buckland, M. K. & D. H. Kraft, eds. "A bibliography on Operations Research in libraries." Pp. 355-392. In: Brophy, P., M. K. Buckland, & A. Hindle, eds. ''Reader in Operations Research for Libraries''. Englewood, CO: Information Handling Services, 1976. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ws5q97x]

*''Trucking of radioactive materials: safety vs. economy in highway transport''. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1963.
*"Compact book storage in libraries." With J. G. Cox. ''Operations Research'' 12, no. 3 (1964): 419-427.
*"Systems analysis in university libraries." ''College & Research Libraries'' 27, no. 1 (1966): 13-18.
*"The Bradford distribution." ''Journal of documentation'' 23, no. 3 (1967): 197-207.
*"Analytical models for library planning." With M. D. Cooper. ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 22, no. 6 (1971): 390-398.
*"Library and information center management." With A. Billingsley. ''Annual review of information science and technology'' 7 (1972): 499-533.
*"A relationship between Lotka's law, Bradford's law, and Zipf's law." With Ye‐Sho Chen. ''Journal of the American Society for information science 37'', no. 5 (1986): 307-314.
*''An enduring quest: the story of Purdue industrial engineers''. Purdue University Press, 2009.

== Offices ==
*Technical Assistance Program, Purdue University. Director, 1993-2000.

== Further reading ==
*"Ferdinand F. Leimkuhler." ''Journal & Courier'' (Lafayette, Indiana). [https://www.jconline.com/obituaries/psbn1200329]
*''Ferdinand Leimkuhler 1928-2025.'' Purdue University, Edwardson School of Industrial Engineering. Obiturary. [https://engineering.purdue.edu/IE/news/2025/ferdinand-leimkuhler]
*"Ferdinand F. Leimkuhler." ''[German] Wikipedia'' [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_F._Leimkuhler]

Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler

2025-06-17T18:31:52Z

Smith2: Re-formatted and initial revision.

'''Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler''' (1928-2025) American industrial engineer.

== Life ==
'''Ferdinand Francis Leimkuhler''' was born in 1928.

He died on May 17, 2025 in Berkeley, California.
* DuPont
* Johns Hopkins
* Purdue

== Contributions ==
Research for libraries; Industrial engineering educator; Management engineer, DuPont 1950-57; Research engineer, Johns Hopkins 1957-61; Purdue: Prof. Industrial Engineering 1961-?; Head of School of Industrial Engineering 1969-74, 1981-?; Also did consulting work; Active in library OR from about mid 1960s; Major author: Bradford's Law of scattering as well as book of storage models.

== Publications ==
Numerous publications relating to information systems and library planning are listed in Buckland, M. K. & D. H. Kraft. "A bibliography on Operations Research in libraries." Pp. 355-392. In: Brophy, P., M. K. Buckland, & A. Hindle, eds. ''Reader in Operations Research for Libraries''. Englewood, CO: Information Handling Services, 1976. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ws5q97x]

*"Compact book storage in libraries." With J. G. Cox. ''Operations Research'' 12, no. 3 (1964): 419-427.

*"The Bradford distribution." Journal of documentation 23, no. 3 (1967): 197-207.
*"Analytical models for library planning." With M. D. Cooper. ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 22, no. 6 (1971): 390-398.
*''An enduring quest: the story of Purdue industrial engineers''. Purdue University Press, 2009.

== Awards ==

== Offices ==

== Further reading ==

David Blair

2025-06-10T18:06:34Z

Smith2:

'''David C. Blair''' (1947-2011) was an American information retrieval expert.

== Life ==
'''David Clark Blair''' was born on May 23, 1947 in Salem, Oregon. After living in Taiwan and Pakistan, he received a BA degree from Whitman College, a liberal arts college in Walla Walla, Washington, and then a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1981. At Berkeley he studied in the School of Library and Information Studies (later renamed School of Information). His doctoral dissertation, ''Pragmatic aspects of inquiry'', directed by [[Patrick Wilson]], examined the use of language in everyday ("mundane") searches.
He also served in the US Navy and remained in the US Navy Reserve until 1989.

After his doctoral studies, Blair became professor of business information technology in the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan until, after a long illness, he died in May 2011.

== Contributions ==
*Demonstration of the retrieval inadequacy of searching unedited natural language text without vocabulary control. Blair and [[Melvin Earl (Bill) Maron|M. E. Maron]] were commissioned to assess the adequacy of the STAIRS system, which simply looked for search terms in an unedited text corpus, when used for evidence discovery for a law suit. Legal assistants thought they were finding 70% of relevant documents (70% recall). Blair and Maron determined that they were in fact retrieving only about 20%, largely because of variety in word usage. For example, a search for documents about accidents using the term "accident" would not retrieve a document if the politer term "incident" had been used. This paper is regarded as a classic in the information retrieval literature.
*Blair argued that in contrast to an emphasis on categorization, the philosophy of language had the best theory for understanding meaning in language. And within the philosophy of language, the work of philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein was found to be most perceptive.
*His numerous other publications included discussion of the distinction between data retrieval and document retrieval.

== Publications ==
*"Information retrieval." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 30.o 6.
*"Searching biases in large, interactive document retrieval systems." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 31, no 3.
*An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system," with [[Melvin Earl (Bill) Maron|M. E. Maron]]. ''Communications of the ACM'' 28, no 3 (March 1985): 289-299. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3166.3197]
*"STAIRS Redux: Thoughts on the STAIRS evaluation, Ten Years After," ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 47, no.1 (Blair, 1996): 4-22.
*''Language and Representation in Information Retrieval.'' Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1990.
*''Wittgenstein, language, and information : back to the rough ground!'' Dordrecht : Springer, 2006. A extension of the discussions in ''Language and Representation in Information Retrieval.''
*"The data-document distinction in information retrieval." ''Communications of the ACM'' 27, no 4 (1984): 369-374.
*"The data-document distinction revisited." ''The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems''. 37, no. 1 (Winter 2006) 77-96.

== Awards ==
[[ASIST|American Society for Information Science]]. Best Information Science Book of the Year, 1990.

== Further reading ==
*"David Clark Blair." [Obituary] ''Ann Arbor News'', May 15, 2011. [https://obits.mlive.com/obituaries/search?affiliateId=876]
*Wittgenstein, Ludwig. ''Philosophical investigations.'' Various editions, 1953- .

Wilhelm Ostwald

2025-06-10T17:38:44Z

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Wilhelm Ostwald

2025-06-10T17:27:54Z

Smith2: /* Publications */

'''Wilhelm Ostwald''' (1853–1932) was German chemist and philosopher.

== Life ==
'''Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald''', a Baltic German, was born on 2 September [Old Style 21 August] 1853 in Riga, then in the Russian empire, now in Latvia. He entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1872. He completed his ''Kandidatenschrift'' examinations there in 1875. During his time at Dorpat, Ostwald had significant exposure to the humanities, the arts, and philosophy, which became a focus of his endeavors after his 1906 retirement. He received his magister degree in 1877 and doctorate in 1878.

In 1881 Ostwald became a Professor of Chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum (now Riga Technical University). In 1887 he moved to Leipzig University where he became Professor of Physical Chemistry and led the Institute for Physical Chemistry until his retirement in 1906. He had several distinguished students including [[Emanuel Goldberg]].

In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. He died in Leipzig, Germany, on 4 April 1932.

== Contributions related to Documentation ==
He was one of the founders of physical chemistry and received the Nobel Prize in 1909. He pioneered sabbatical leave by being the first "exchange professor" at Harvard University in 1904 and 1905. In 1906 he retired from academic life and made contributions to philosophy, art, and politics. Here we are concerned only with his contributions to documentation and information science.

Thomas Hapke (1998, p. 145) has written that "... Ostwald can be seen as a predecessor of information science. Ostwald predicted the arrival of the information specialist as a consequence of the growing division of scientific work. ‘Therefore, it is ever more necessary for the news service in science, which has been organized up to now in periodicals, annual reports, and similar literary aids, to be built up in such a way that it will be managed by co-workers who are more skillful because specially trained.’ (Ostwald, 1909, p175 [Hapke's transl.])”

*The structure of research literatures. Ostwald wrote and edited prodigiously with a clear sense of the purpose and roles of different genres, including the reprinting of classic publications.
*International standard paper sizes. in 1911 Ostwald proposed a world format (''Weltformat'') based on the aspect ratio 1:&Sqrt;2 (approx. 1:1.414) which, when folded in half, retains the same aspect ration. This became, with minor changes the present international standard (ISO 216) including the widely used A4 size.

=== Die Brücke ===
Inspired by [[Paul Otlet]] and the [[International Institute for Bibliography]] and by a proposal by Karl Bührer and Adolf Saager, Ostwald co-founded [[Die Brücke]] - Internationales Institut zur Organisierung der geistigen Arbeit (The Bridge - International institute to organize intellectual work) in Munich on June 11, 1911. It was largely funded by Ostwald's Nobel Prize money.

The "Bridge" was intended as a central hub connecting ("bridging") all institutions, organizations, and individuals "working for culture and civilization." It was particularly concerned with standardization of paper sizes and the "monographic principle," a form of hypertext in which individual records of knowledge on card could be added, linked, and updated as a dynamic encyclopedia constituting a world brain.

== Publications ==
Ostwald published more than 500 original research papers for the scientific literature, approximately 45 books and thousands of reviews. For an exhaustive list see ''Wilhelm Ostwald Gesamtschriftenverzeichnis''. Grossbothen : Vorstand der Wilhelm-Ostwald-Gesellschaft, 2002- .
*Walden (1904) provides a list to 1903. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]

*''Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaft''. [Energetic foundations of sociology.] Leipzig: Klinkhardt. 1909. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006555995]
*''Das Gehirn der Welt''. [The world brain.] Munich: Die Brücke, 1912. Also published in ''Nord und Süd,'' Jahrgang 1912, Heft 1 (Jan. 1912): 63-66. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007918991]
*"Scientific management for scientist. 'The Bridge.' The trust idea applied to intellectual production." ''Scientific American'' 108, no1 (Jan 4, 1913): 5-6.
*''Lebenslinien. Eine Selbstbiographie von Wilhelm Ostwald''. Autobiography. Various editions. Translated as ''Wilhelm Ostwald: The Autobiography''. Cham: Springer, 2017.

== Honors ==
*Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1909.

== Further Reading ==
*"Wilhelm Ostwald." ''Wikipedia'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald]]
*Walden, Paul. ''Wilhelm Ostwald''. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1904. In German. Biography and bibliography. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001992950]
*Hapke, Thomas. "Wilhelm Ostwald, the 'Brücke' (Bridge), and Connections to Other Bibliographic Activities at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," In: ''Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on the History and Heritage of Science Information Systems''. Ed. by Mary Ellen Bowden, Trudi Bellardo Hahn & Robert V. Williams. Published for the American Society for Information Science and Technology and the Chemical Heritage Foundation by Information Today, Medford, NJ, 1999, pp. 139-47. [[http://wayback.archive-it.org/2118/20101023161313/http://assets.chemheritage.org/explore/ASIS_documents/ASIS98_Hapke.pdf]]
*Krajewski, Markus. ''Restlosigkeit. Weltprojekte um 1900''. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2006. Kap. 2: "Die Einheit der Vielfalt. Wilhelm Ostwalds Welt-Bildungen," pp. 64–140.
*Satoh, Takashi. "The Bridge movement in Munich and Ostwald’s treatise in the organization of knowledge." ''Libri'' 37, no 1 (1987): 1-24.
*Lewandrowski, Peter. "Der Kampf Wilhelm Ostwalds um die Schaffung eines einheitlichen Informations- und Dokumentationssystems der Wissenschaft -- "Die Bruecke."" [William Ostwald's campaign to provide a unified information and documentation system for science]. In: ''Internationales Symposium anlaesslich des 125. Geburtstages von Wilhelm Ostwald''. (Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR). Jg. 1979, Nr 13/N) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Pp.149-156.
*Sachsse, Rolf. "Das Gehirn der Welt: 1912: Die Organisation der Organisationen durch die Bruecke: Ein vergessenes Kapitel mediengeschichte." [The World Brain: 1912: The Organization of Organizations through The Bridge: A Forgotten Chapter of Media History]. ''Telepolis'' [e-journal. Dated 19 Nov 1998.].

James Whitney Perry

2025-06-10T17:24:18Z

Smith2: /* Further reading */

'''James Whitney Perry''' (1907-1971) was an American information retrieval specialist.

== Life ==
'''James Whitney Perry''' was born on October 21, 1907. He studied chemical engineering at North Carolina State College (BS 1927; MS 1928), at MIT (SM 1931) and the Technical Universities of Stuttgart and Berlin-Charlottenberg (1932-1933). During the 1930s he helped develop the first low-cost synthetic detergent at the National Aniline Division of Allied Chemical. After wartime research on explosives at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, he initiated work on more efficient library and literature searching at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. He was later Director of the Center for Documentation and Communication Research at the School of Library Sciences at Western Reserve University. In 1960 he joined the College of Engineering at the University of Arizona. He died on December 24, 1971.

== Contributions ==
James Perry worked closely with [[Allen Kent]] in a series of projects to develop computer-based document storage and retrieval systems. A distinctive development was their "Semantic factoring" using structured codes derived from natural language but with a syntactic role indicator inserted (an "infix").

Perry also promoted the use of punch cards and telegraphic abstracts.

== Publications ==
Perry is credited with 15 books, more than 100 papers and several patents. Many are listed in Google Scholar. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=James+W.+Perry]

*"Machine literature searching X. Machine language; factors underlying its design and development." With A. Kent & M. M. Berry. ''American Documentation'' 6, no 4 (1955): 242–254. doi:10.1002/asi.5090060411.
*''Punched cards, their applications to science and industry''. Ed. with R. S. Casey. New York: Reinhold, 1951. Larger later ed, 1958.
*"The new look in library science." ''Applied Mechanics Reviews''. 9, no 11 (Nov 1956): 457-460. Reprinted in: ''Readings in special librarianship''. Ed. H. S. Sharp. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1963, pp 606-622. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000962089]
*''Centralized information services, opportunities and problems''. With A. Kent. Cleveland, OH: Western Reserve University, Center for Documentation and Communication Research, 1958.(Pub. no. 1958-2).
*''Tools for machine literature searching: semantic code dictionary, equipment, procedures'', [edited by] J.W. Perry and Allen Kent. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1958.
*"Defining the query spectrum – the basis for developing and evaluating information-retrieval methods." ''IEEE Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech'' 6, no 1 (1963): 20-27.
*''Document selection methods. A general analysis''. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, Systems engineering Dept., 1963. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101848649] Also published in: ''Readings in special librarianship''. Ed. H. S. Sharp. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1963, pp 507-573. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000962089]
== Offices ==
*[[ASIST|American Documentation Institute]]. President, 1957.
*American Chemical Society. Division of Chemical Literature. Co-organizer and President.

== Awards ==
American Institute of Chemists. Honorary Fellow.

== Further reading ==
*Obituary. ''Journal of Chemical Documentation'' 12, no 1 (Feb 1, 1972): 69. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/c160044a601]
*Burke, Colin B. ''America's Information Wars: The untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and and politics from World War II to the Internet age''. Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield, 2018. Includes details of Perry's life and work.
*"Perry, James Whitney." In: ''Encyclopedia of library and information science''. Vol. 22, (1977): 66-68. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
*Keswick, Thomas A. "James W. Perry." ''PBWorks''. UCLA. [http://ucla245.pbworks.com/w/page/8751411/James%20W%20Perry?mode=embedded]

Brenda Dervin

2025-06-10T17:23:00Z

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'''Brenda Dervin''' (1938–2022) was a US professor of communications.
== Life ==
'''Brenda Louise Dervin''' was born in November 20, 1938 in Beverly, MA. She received her BS degree in journalism and home economics and with a minor in philosophy of religion at Cornell University in 1960, then MA and Ph.D. degrees in communication research from Michigan State University in 1971.

She started her career as a public relations assistant for the American Home Economics Association, 1961 to 1962, then worked as a communication specialist at the Center for customer affairs at the University of Wisconsin from 1963 to 1965. During 1966-1967 she was a teaching assistant for the Department of Business Law and Office Administration at Michigan State University. She eventually became a research associate for the Department of Communications, 1966-1970.

Her appointment at the School of Library and Information Sciences at Syracuse University in 1970 began her lifelong interest in library and information sciences before she moved on to the School of Communication at the University of Washington in 1977. Conversations with Richard Carter helped her to develop what has come to be known as Sense-Making Theory and Methodology. In 1986, she moved to Ohio State University where she chaired the Department of Communication before returning to research and teaching.

She died in Seattle on 31 December 2022.

== Contributions ==
Dervin's main contribution was in developing and popularizing the study of sense-making, especially in the context of communication and library services. Her 1976 article "Strategies for Dealing with Human Information Needs: Information or Communication?" (''Journal of Broadcasting'', 20(3), 324–333) posited a typology of information as (1) "the innate structure or pattern of reality;...(2) the structures imputed onto reality by people' ...[and] (3) the procedures by which people acquire what they didn't previously know. From those three types, she proposed ten assumptions about information needs regarding objectivity, rationality, coping, contextuality, availability, of everyday life information seeking, or the processes that humans use to become informed. She (1983) described the information gap as the motivator for information seeking. Her work pushed information science to develop more theories of information that focused on information users outside of work contexts (everyday life).

She edited ''Progress in Communication Sciences'' for its first 14 years.
In 1986 she acted as the first president of the International Communication Association.

== Publications ==
For a list to 1997 see Clark, Kathleen D. (1997). ''Bibliography of writings of Brenda Dervin''. 1997. [https://web.archive.org/web/19970710232837/http://communication.sbs.ohio-state.edu/sense-making/bib/dcmpleat.html]

*"Information needs and uses." With M. S. Nilan. ''Annual review of information science and technology'' 21 (1986): 3-33.
*"From the mind’s eye of the 'user': The sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology." In ''Qualitative Research in Information Management'' [edited by] Jack D. Glazier, Ronald R. Powell. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1992, pp 61-84.
*"Sense-making." With Charles M. Naumer. In: ''Encyclopedia of library and information sciences''. 3rd ed. 2010, pp 4,696-4,707; 4th ed., 2017, pp 4113-4124. A wider survey.
*''Sense-making methodology reader : selected writings of Brenda Dervin''. Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press, 2003.

== Honors ==
*University of Helsinki. Honorary doctorate in the social sciences, 2000.
*[[ASIST|American Society for Information Science and Technology]]. Research in Information Science award, 2006.

== Further reading ==
*''Remembering Professor Brenda L. Dervin.'' Ohio State University. School of Communication. February 15, 2023. [https://comm.osu.edu/news/memoriam-remembering-professor-brenda-l.-dervin]
*"Dervin, Brenda." ''Femicon'' 2025. [https://www.femicom.es/en/investigadoras/dervin-brenda-2/]
*''Brief Narrative Summarizing Dervin CV''. Oct 2, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100623041804/http://communication.sbs.ohio-state.edu/sense-making/bib/cvdervinbrief.html]
*Sense-Making Methodology Institute Website: Dervin's Sense-Making Methodology. Extensive resources. [https://sense-making.org/]
*Agarwal, N.K. "Making sense of sense-making: Tracing the history and development of Dervin’s Sense-making methodology." In T. Carbo & T.B. Hahn (Eds.). ''International perspectives on the history of information science & technology: Proceedings of the ASIS&T 2012 Pre-Conference on the History of ASIS&T and Information Science and Technology'', (pp. 61-73). Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2012.
*Given, L.M., Case, D.O. and Willson, R. (2023). ''Looking for Information'' (''Studies in Information, Vol. 15''), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds.

Walter Schürmeyer

2025-06-07T02:29:34Z

Smith2: /* Further reading */

'''Walter Schürmeyer''' (1889–1976) was a German documentalist.

== Life ==
'''Walter Schürmeyer'' was born 4 Oct 1889 in Krefeld, Germany. He studied at Heidelberg, Munich, Oxford, Berlin, and received his doctorate at Marburg University in 1913 with a dissertation on the College of Cardinals under Pope Pius II. In 1914 Schürmeyer was appointed as a librarian and in 1927 as director of the Bibliothek für Kunst und Technik (Library for art and technology) in Frankfurt, but was forced into early retirement in 1937 for political reasons. By this time he was already active internationally as a documentalist.

After the Second World War Schürmeyer founded the Mikrobuch- und Film-Geschaft (Microbook and microfilm company) in Düsseldorf; was chairman of the Vereinigung der Photokopier- und Reproduktionsbetriebe für die Dokumentation e. V. (Association of Photocopying and Reproduction Companies for Documentation); and was co-founder and managing director of the Deutschen Dokumentations-Dienstes GmbH (German Documentation Service).He died on July 17, 1976 in Königswinter.

== Contributions ==
Schürmeyer published extensively on art, art-related, documentation and library topics.

== Publications ==
*"Die Photographie im Dienste der bibliothekarischen Arbeit." ''Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen'' 50 (1933): 580-83.
*"Aufgaben und Methoden der Dokumentation" In: ''Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen'' 52 (1935): 533–43. (31. Versammlung deutscher Bibliothekare, Tübingen 1935). Reprinted in ''Von der systematischen Bibliographie zur Dokumentation,'' hrsg. von Peter R. Frank. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978. ISBN 9783534055791
*"Mitteilingen über einige technischer Neuerungen und Anwendungsmethoden fotographischer Hilfgeräte für das Dokumentarische Arbeiten." ''IID Communicationes'' 3, Fasc. 1, (1936) cols. Schü 1-10.
*Schürmeyer and T. P. Loosjes. "Literatur ueber die Anwending von photographischen Reproduktiomns verfarhen in der Dokumentation" [Literature on the use of photographic reproduction procedures in documentation]. ''IID Communicationes'' 4, Fasc. 3 (1937): 23-29. A substantial bibliography
*"Die Leica im Dienste der Bibliotheken und der Dokumentation" In: '' Die Leica in Beruf und Wissenschaft''. Frankfurt a. M.: Breidenstein Verlagsges., 1941[?] and later editions. English version: "The Leica microfilm in the service of the librarian." In: ''The Leica in professional practice''. London, Fountain Press, [1955?], pp 149-159.
*"Die Kleinbild-Photokopie im Dienste der bibliothakarischen Arbeit." ''Die Dokumentation.'' Nr 10/12 (Okt-Dez 1943): 21-23.
*"Der deutsche Beitrag zu den Arbeiten der FID." [The German contribution to the work of FID]. ''Nachrichten für Dokumentation'' (1955).

== Offices ==
*Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (German Society for Documentation). President, 1948 - 1951.

== Further reading ==
*"Walter Schürmeyer" ''[German] Wikipedia'' [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sch%C3%BCrmeyer]
*Eppelsheimer, Hanns Wilhelm. "Walter Schürmeyer 60 Jahre alt." ''Nachrichten für wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken'' Band 2, Nr. 11, 1949, S. 163–164. [https://www.digizeitschriften.de/]
*"Walter Schürmeyer." ''Wer ist's?'' 9. Ausg. Berlin: Degener, 1928, p. 1,418.
*Hohoff, Ulrich. ''Wissenschaftliche Bibliothekare als Opfer in der NS-Diktatur: ein Personenlexikon''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2017, p. 290.

Gerald J. Sophar

2025-06-07T02:22:58Z

Smith2:

'''Gerald J. Sophar''' (1917-2007) was an American information scientist.

== Life ==
'''Gerald Jack Sophar''' was born in 1917 in Brooklyn, NY. He attended City College of New York, learned photography, and enlisted in the Army shortly after the outbreak of World War II. He was a combat intelligence officer and later an aerial photography officer in the Army Air Forces.

After the war, Sophar worked for the U.N. Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in the displaced persons camps in occupied Germany, was chief of police in the Regensburg area, and helped separate former Nazis from other refugees. He became an expert witness for US Department of Justice prosecutors bringing cases against Nazis wrongly admitted to the United States. Sophar returned to the United States in the late 1940s, graduated from Georgetown University, then worked for the State Department in its displaced persons commission in West Germany until 1952.

In 1952 Sophar co-founded [[Documentation Incorporated|Documentation Inc.]] with [[Mortimer Taube]] and others. He also worked for [[Jonkers Business Machines]]. He was executive director of the Committee to Investigate Copyright Problems Affecting Communications in Science and Education, Inc. and in 1956 became Washington representative for the [[Institute for Scientific Information]].

Sophar joined the US Department of Agriculture, worked at the National Agriculture Library, and became an expert in copyright law. He was Administrator for Federal/Local Community Information Programs, at the National Advisory Commission on Libraries, from 1980. He retired in 1984 and died on December 1, 2007 in Rockville, MD.

== Contributions ==
Sophar played a significant role in the orderly development of [[ASIST|American Documentation Institute]]. He did extensive work on the copyright revision bill in the 1970's.

== Publications ==
*"Micro-opaques." ''Special libraries'' 51, no 2 (Feb 1960): 59-62.
*"Nature of the Problem." With L. H. Lowell. In: ''Reprography and Copyright law''. Ed. by Lowell H. Hattery and George P. Bush. [Washington, DC]: [American Institute of Biological Sciences], 1964.
*"'Termatrex' as a tool for storing and searching indexes." ''Modern Uses of Logic in Law'' 5, no 2 (Jume 1964): 1-12. Case study: Use of Jonker Termatrex optical discovery system for law searching.
*''The Determination of Legal Facts and Economic Guideposts with Respect to the Dissemination of Scientific and Educational Information as it is Affected by Copyright--a Status Report. Final Report''. With Laurence B. Heilprin. Washington, US Office of Education, Bureau of Research, 1967. ED 014 621. See also ''American Documentation'' 19, no 3 (July 1968): p.317-321.
*"Page Charges and Copyright Infringements." With David Lester. ''Science'' 163, no 3866 (Jan 1969): 423-423
*"Vestigiality of fair use." ''IEEE transactions on professional communication'' PC-18, no 3 (Sept 1975): 220-221.

== Offices ==
*[[ASIST|American Documentation Institute]]. President, 1961.

== Awards ==
*[[ASIST|American Society for Information Science]]. Watson Davis Award, 1976.

== Further reading ==
*Sullivan, Patricia. "Gerald J. Sophar, 90; Witness In Nazi Deportation Cases." Obituary. ''Washington Post'', Dec 7, 2007. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/07/AR2007120702284.html]
*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Yeram Sarkis Touloukian

2025-06-05T23:59:39Z

Smith2: Re-formatted and initial revision.

'''Yeram Sarkis Touloukian''' (1920-1981) was an American thermophysics specialist.

== Life ==
'''Yeram Sarkis Touloukian''' was born on December 28, 1920 in Istanbul, Turkey. He received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Robert College in Istanbul, Turkey in 1939. Following then went to the United States and received his master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1941 and his PhD from Purdue University, Indiana in 1946. He then joined the faculty of Purdue's School of Mechanical Engineering.

Touloukian was also Visiting professor thermodynamics, Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama, 1963-1981. He died on June 12, 1981 in Bethesda, Maryland.

== Contributions ==
=== Thermophysical Properties Research Center ===
In 1957 Touloukian established the Thermophysical Properties Research Center (TPRC) at Purdure. Four other centers were added and TCRP was restructured on 1974 to become the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS).

Consultant to major industrial companies and US Government Director OEA; Director, Center of Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis. He was co-author and editor of Thermophysical Properties of Matter (TPRC Data Series, 13 volumes, 1970-1981). He was interested in heat transfer, convection, conduction, radiation, thermophysics, and information science.

== Offices ==
Touloukian held numerous advisory and editorial offices, e.g.,
*International CODATA/ICSU Task Group on Thermophysical Properties, Chairman, 1972-1978.

== Awards ==
*Associatione Termotecnica Italiana. Gold Medal, 1968.
* American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Heat Transfer Memorial Award, 1974.
*The International Thermal Conductivity Conference Award, 1977.
*International Thermophysics Congress. Posthumous award, 1981.
*American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Associate fellow.

== Further reading ==
*"Yeram S. Touloukian" ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeram_S._Touloukian]
*Cezairliyan, Ared. "In Memoriam: Professor Yeram S. Touloukian, 1920-1981." ''International Journal of Thermophysics'' 2, no 3 (1981): 201-203.

== Papers ==
No information

Zator Incorporated

2025-06-05T23:22:24Z

Smith2:

'''Zator Company''' was an American retrieval company founded in 1947.

== Existence ==
The '''Zator Company''' was an American information processing and retrieval company founded in 1947 by [[Calvin Northrup Mooers|Calvin Mooers]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

== Contributions ==
The Zatocoding method of selecting information (invented in the summer 1947) improved information retrieval using superimposed random codes. The Zatocoding system combined this method and the descriptor method of analyzing information to retrieve information from edge-notched cards.

Published the ''Zator Technical Bulletin''.

== Persons involved ==
*[[Calvin Northrup Mooers|Calvin Mooers]].

== Further reading ==
See entry for [[Calvin Northrup Mooers|Calvin Mooers]].

== Papers ==
The records of the Zator Company are in Calvin Mooers' papers at the University of Minnesota, Babbage Institute, Minneapolis, MN. Calvin N. Mooers papers CBI 81 55455. ca. 1930-1994. [https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/3/resources/105]

Calvin Northrup Mooers

2025-06-05T23:17:00Z

Smith2:

[[File:McBee Keysort Cards, front and rear.jpg|alt=McBee Keysort Cards, front and rear|thumb|McBee Keysort Cards, front and rear]]
'''Calvin Mooers''' (1919-1994) was an American information retrieval specialist.

== Life ==
Calvin Northrup Mooers was born on October 24, 1919 in Minneapolis. He graduated BA summa cum laude at the University of Minnesota in 1941 and joined the Naval Ordnance Laboratory as a physicist. At the end of the war he became part of the Lab's newly created Computer Division under John Vincent Atanasoff. Mooers left in 1946 for MIT
where he completed a Master degree with a thesis on ''Application of random codes to gathering of statistical information''. At MIT he met [[James Whitney Perry|James Perry]] and became interested in information retrieval. In 1947 Mooers founded the proprietary Zator Company, and began marketing custom-designed mechanical retrieval systems using edge-notched cards. Raymond J. Solomonoff, interested in artificial intelligence, joined Mooers. Mooers created the Rockford Research Institute, a nonprofit corporation, in the early 1960s to facilitate his and Solomonoff’s grant-funded research. He died on December 1, 1994.

== Contributions ==
*Mooers coined the terms "information retrieval" in 1950 and "descriptors."
*He promulgated "Mooers' Law": "An information system will tend ''not'' to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it." (''Bulletin of ASIS'' 22, no 1 (Oct/Nov 1996): 22-23).

=== TRAC programming language ===
In 1959, Mooers began to develop the Text Reckoning and Compiling (TRAC) language.
Doug Engelbart, famous for “point and click,” used the his mechanical mouse in his famous 1968 demonstration to point and the "active function" of Mooers' TRAC language to click.

"In summary, Engelbart may be remembered as the “point” man, and Mooers as the “click” man. The point facility that Engelbart gave Mooers was just what he needed for the click facility. Mooers had described the function, but a more effective execution of the function awaited the mouse hardware." (Bemer 2004).

=== Zatocoding ===
Although Mooers was involved in the early design of digital computers, he also made his name through his development of Zatocoding for edge-notched cards. Before the 1980s individuals made heavy use of cards which had a row of small round holes along its edges. Cutting away card between the hole and the edge left a notch instead of a hole. In a simple case each card might represent a book and each hole could represent a possible feature (attribute), such as the topic of the book. If a card represented a book, notching the hole for "history" would code it as a history book, notching a hole representing "France" would code it as a book about France, and notching both the "history" and the "France" holes would identify a book about the history of France. Cards with desired notches were immediately identifiable by inserting a needle (or similar) through the hole(s) for code(s) of interest and lifting. Intact (unnotched) cards would be lifted; notched cards would drop or remain unlifted.

In a simple system in which each code used only a single meaning, the number of usable codes (attributes) was limited because the number of codes could not exceed the number of holes. Mooers explored the potential of using combinations of two or more holes to represent a single code. This meant, in theory, that there could also be as many additional different codes as there were unique combinations of two or more holes. In this case any single hole might be part of multiple combinations, but each combination of holes should represent only a single code. By using combinations of 40 holes more than 10,000 different codes could be uniquely encoded.

A vocabulary of indexing terms (keywords) had to be established and each term assigned code expressed as hole positions. Ordinarily each code was represented by two holes selected at random from the 40 positions on the top edge and two more from the 40 positions on the bottom edge.

In the "800" mechanical system that the Zator company marketed, search was in two stages: First, rods were set in the bottom of an empty card holding bin in the hole positions of codes of interest. Then cards were stacked vertically in the bin. Most cards (those without notches where the rods were) will remain raised and are quickly lifted out, leaving behind a set of cards of potential interest. (This process is repeated until all cards have been divided in this way.) Second, a rod is used in a hole on the top edge to lift out all unwanted (i.e. unnotched) cards from those remaining in the bin. This second process could be repeated with another hole to improve precision. What finally remained in the bin is the selected (retrieved) set. Any cards wrongly retrieved ("false drops") should few and easily eliminated by inspection.

Mooers explored mathematically the effects of assigning combinations of holes. He also concluded that conventional single hole coding was superior for codes having little variety and high frequency, but that Zatocoding had a complementary advantage for codes with large variety and low frequency. This use of combinations of holes can also be applied to encoding positions on punch cards and is also known as superimposed coding. It is a form of what in computing is called a hash code. (See Further reading below).
== Publications ==
*"Calvin Mooers, the NOL computer project, and John Vincent Atanasoff." ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'' 23, no 2 (April-June 2001): 52-67. With introduction by Michael R. Williams on pp 50-51. Also a brief summary in vol. 15, no. 2 (April-June 1993): 54-55.
*"TRAC, a Procedure-Describing Language for the Reactive Typewriter." ''Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery'', 9:3 (March 1966), 215-219.
*''Putting Probability to Work in Coding Punched Cards: Zatocoding''. (Zator Technical Bulletin No. 10), 1947. Reprinted as Zator Technical Bulletin No. 30 (1950).
*''The Zator - A Proposal: A Machine for Complete Documentation'', 1947. Reprinted with preface as Zator Technical Bulletin No. 65 (1951).
*"Zatocoding applied to mechanical organization of knowledge." ''American documentation'' 2, issue 1 (Jan 1951): 20-32.
*"A case history of a Zatocoding information retrieval system." [With Claude W. Brenner.] In: ''Punched Cards: Their Applications to Science and Industry.'' 2nd ed. Ed. by Robert S. Casey and others. New York: Reinhold, 1958, pp 340-356.
*"Rigors of a pioneer in information science." (1978 Award of Merit Speech). ''Bulletin of the American Society of Information Science'' 5, no 3 (1979): 14.
*"'Mooers' Law or Why some retrieval systems are used and others are not." ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science'' 22, no 1 (Oct/Nov 1996): 22-23. [https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bult.37]
* Calvin N. and Charlotte D. Mooers oral history interview, 22 June 1993, OH 254, [https://hdl.handle.net/11299/107510]

== Awards ==
*[[ASIST|American Society for Information Science]]. Award of Merit, 1978.

== Further reading ==
*Babbage Institute Finding list [https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/3/resources/105]
*Weiss, E. "Obituary for Calvin Mooers." ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'' 46, issue 3 (Fall-1995): 79-81.

TRAC
*Sammet, Jean E. ''Programming languages: history and fundamentals''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall [1969]. For TRAC see pp 448-454.
*"TRAC (programming language)." ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAC_(programming_language)]
*Bemer, Bob. "Calvin Mooers - How he came to be known as the "click" man." ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'' 26, Issue 1 (Jan-Mar 2004): 66-67.
*TRAC Foundation website, archived. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050308192951/http://www.tracfoundation.org/index.shtml]

Zatocoding:
*Brenner, Claude W. & C. Mooers. "A case history of a Zatocoding information retrieval system." In: ''Punched Cards: Their Applications to Science and Industry.'' 2nd ed. Ed. by Robert S. Casey and others. New York: Reinhold, 1958, pp 340-356.
*"Edge-notched card." ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge-notched_card]
*"Superimposed code." ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superimposed_code]
*Ceruzzi, Paul E. "Calvin Mooers, Zatocoding, and Early Research on Information Retrieval." In: ''Exploring the Early Digital'', ed. T. Haigh. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp.69-86.

== Papers ==
*University of Minnesota, Babbage Institute, Minneapolis, MN. Calvin N. Mooers papers CBI 81 55455. ca. 1930-1994. Finding aid [https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/3/resources/105]

Winifred Sewell

2025-06-05T20:20:41Z

Smith2: Initial revision

'''Winifred Sewell''' (1917-2002) was an American librarian.
[[File:Sewell1.gif|thumb|Image of Winifred Sewell]]

== Life ==
'''Winifred ("Win") Emma Sewell''' was born in 1917 in Newport, Washington. She earned a BS at Washington State University in 1938 and an MLS from Columbia University in 1940 and also studied science, especially chemistry. She worked as a librarian in the Modern languages Reading Room at Columbia until in 1942 she became the librarian for the Wellcome Research Laboratories.

In 1946, Win moved to the Squibb Institute for Medical Research. She joined the [National Library of Medicine]] (NLM) in 1961 as deputy chief and subject heading specialist in the Bibliographic Services Division. Her work was instrumental in the development of MEDLARS. From 1965 to 1970, she headed NLM's Drug Literature Program.

From 1970 to 1992 she worked at the University of Maryland where she taught pharmacy students and health sciences librarianship. She was an active consultant in the drug literature field until shortly before her death. She died on October 23, 2002 in Cabin John, Maryland.

== Contributions ==
Sewell contributed to the coordination of chemical and biomedical terminology (especially online retrieval systems), medical information transfer, and the online searching behaviors of pharmacists.

*Editor of the journal ''Unlisted Drugs'' (1949-1959 and 1962-1964).
*Editor of the Gale Information Guides: Health Affairs series in 1972-1980.
*Member of the editorial boards of ''Drug Information Journal'', 1971- 1984, and ''Bulletin of the Medical Library Association'', 1974-1977.

== Publications ==
*''World list of pharmacy periodicals''. With T. Andrews. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1963.
*Sewell W. comp. ''Reader in medical librarianship''. Washington, DC: NCR Microcard Editions, 1973.
*''Using MeSH for effective searching: a programmed guide''. With Merle Harrison. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
*''Micromanual for casual users of National Library of Medicine databases''. With S. Teitelbaum. Bethesda, MD: Drug Intelligence Publications, 1984.
*''Guide to drug information''. Hamilton, IL: Drug Intelligence Publications, 1976.
*Medical Library Association Oral History Committee. ''Interview with: Winifred Sewell by Carol Hansen''. Chicago, IL: The Association, 1984.
*Oral history recording. National Library of Medicine. Collection of oral histories on the history of the National Library of Medicine. HMD MS ACC 732. [https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/ammp/resources/__100973458]

== Offices ==
*Special Libraries Association. President, 1960-61.
*Drug Information Association. President.

== Awards ==
*Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. Honorary degree of doctor of science, 1979.
*Medical Library Association. Fellow; Eliot Prize, 1977.
*Special Libraries Association. Hall of Fame, 1998.
*Special Libraries Association. Biomedical and Life Sciences Division named the Winifred Sewell Prize for Innovation in Information Technologies in her honor.
*American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Honorary President, 1999-2000.

== Further reading ==
*Shelley A Bader & Karyn L Pomerantz/ "Winifred (Win) Emma Sewell, 1917–2002." ''Journal of the Medical Library Association'' 91, no 2 (April 2003): 270. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC153177/]
*''Winifred Emma Sewell''. Prabook. Obituary. [https://prabook.com/web/winifred.sewell/3778021]

== Papers ==
*National Library of Medicine. Winifred Sewell papers. HMD MS ACC 2003-009. [https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/ammp/resources/__101297023]

Winifred Sewell

2025-06-05T02:51:20Z

Smith2:

1917-2002
[[File:Sewell1.gif|thumb|Image of Winifred Sewell]]

== Life ==
Sewell was born in Newport, Washington; received her BA from Washington State University; MLS from Columbia University. She was Senior Librarian at Squibb Institute of Medical Research from 1946 to 1961. She worked as Medical Subject Headings Specialist at the National Library of Medicine, and was instrumental in the early work with MEDLARS; later, she was head of the Drug Literature Program at NLM, where she worked until 1970. From 1970 to 1992 she worked at the Univ. of Maryland. She was an active consultant in the drug literature field until shortly before her death. She was interested in coordination of chemical and biomedical terminology (especially online retrieval systems), medical information transfer, online searching behaviors of pharmacists. Editor Unlisted Drugs; She noted that "the better our own relationship with all non-librarians and specialized fields of knowledge, the greater can be our own progress" (Current Biography ); Also interested in bibliometrics of molecular biology.

For more biographical details see: <nowiki>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=153177</nowiki>

== Employment ==

* Squibb Institue for Medical Research
* Columbia University
* NLM

== Awards ==

* Fellow, Medical Library Association
* Medical Library Association's Eliot Prize
* SLA Hall of Fame (1998)
* Honorary President of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (1999-2000)
* the SLA Biomedical and Life Sciences Div., named the Winifred Sewell Prize for Innovation in Information Technologies in her honor

== Offices ==

* SLA Pres. 1960-61
* DIA (Drug Information Association) 1970-71

== Further reading ==
*Shelley A Bader & Karyn L Pomerantz/ "Winifred (Win) Emma Sewell, 1917–2002." ''Journal of the Medical Library Association'' 91, no 2 (April 2003): 270. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC153177/]

== Papers ==
'''LOCATION #1:''' National Library of Medicine

* Papers dates: 1930-2001
* Size: 21.46 cu. ft.
* Includes: Finding aid not available and collection not yet processed as of 11/21/2013
* Finding aid:
* Source: National Library of Medicine online catalog

'''LOCATION #2:''' Medical Library Association, 919 North Michigan Ave., Suite 3208, Chicago, IL 60611; also at National Library of Medicine.

* Papers dates: April 1984
* Size:
* Includes: Oral history interview with Winifred Sewell by Carol Fenichel, 1984; details at: <nowiki>http://www.mlanet.org/about/history/sewell_w.html</nowiki>
* Finding aid:
* Source: Dale, D.C. (com.), A Directory of Oral History Tapes of Librarians in the United States and Canada. American Library Association: Chicago, 1986, p. 96.

William Joseph Wiswesser

2025-06-05T02:42:11Z

Smith2:

'''William Joseph Wiswesser''' (1914-1989) was an American chemist.

== Life ==
'''William Joseph Wiswesser''' was born on December 3, 1914 in Reading, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, with a BS degree in chemistry in 1936. He worked as a Research chemist, at the Hercules Powder Co. 1936-39; then as Assistant research director, at the Trojan Powder Co. 1939-42. Wiswesser was an instructor of chemistry in the Cooper Union's School of Engineering, 1942-45.

Wiswesser next worked for Willson Products, Inc., in Reading, PA, 1945-63, where he was Director of Industrial Hygiene, followed by civilian employment by the U.S. Army at Fort Detrick and finally at the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA. He died on Decemeber 17, 1989.

== Contributions ==
In 1945, he published his paper describing a formula that correctly orders the subshells of atomic orbitals in the manner of the Aufbau principle, also known as the Wiswesser rule.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle]

In 1949, Wiswesser first presented what is now known as the Wiswesser line notation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiswesser_line_notation], which was the first line notation capable of precisely describing complex molecules and particularly well suited to molecular structure representation within the computing platforms and modalities available. This work, which was further developed and expanded on by him for many years, had a lasting impact on the field of chemical informatics. It was adopted by the [[Institute for Scientific Information]] for indexing the Chemical Structure Index and by many pharmaceutical companies.

== Publications ==
*"Conversion of Wiswesser notation to a connectivity matrix for organic compounds." With others. ''Journal of Chemical Documentation'' 7, no. 4 (1967): 200-204.
*"107 years of line-formula notations (1861-1968)." ''Journal of Chemical Documentation'' 8, no 3 (1968): 146-150.
*''Pesticide index''. With others. 5th ed. College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America, ©1976.
*"How the WLN began in 1949 and how it might be in 1999." ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences'' 22, no 2 (1982): 88-93.
* "Historic development of chemical notations." ''Journal of chemical information and computer sciences'' 25, no 3 (1985): 258-263.

== Offices ==
Wiswesser was editor of ''Chemical World Index Key News'' and etablished the Chemical Notation Association.

== Awards ==
*American Chemical Society. Skolnik Award, 1980.
*US Army. Award of Merit.
*Lehigh University. Honorary degree.

== Further reading ==
*"William Wiswesser" ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wiswesser]
*Gelberg, Alan, "William Joseph Wiswesser 1914 – 1989," ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences'' 30, no 1 (1990): 1. Obituary [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ci00065a001]
*Smith, Elbert G. "Machine Searching for Chemical Structures: The Wiswesser notation provides an effective key to literature searches for functional groups." ''Science'' 131, no. 3394 (1960): 142-146.

== Papers ==
Lehigh University Libraries, Mart Science and Engineering Library, Bethlehem, PA. 3 collections: MS 0119: William J. Wiswesser and the Wiswesser Line-Notation Collection II; SC LVF W816; and SC MS 0374 Correspondence on Wiswesser Line Notation [https://archivesspace.lib.lehigh.edu/repositories/3/resources/456#]

William Joseph Wiswesser

2025-06-05T01:26:21Z

Smith2: Re-formatted and initial revision.

William Joseph Wiswesser

2025-06-04T02:44:23Z

Smith2:

== Life ==
1914-1989
* U.S. Army
* Ray-o-Vac

== Contributions ==
Wiswesser was editor of Chemical World Index Key News. He was interested in visual-aid education, chemical coding, Wiswesser line-formula notation, dimensional analysis, atomic theory, and toxicology correlations. He etablished the Chemical Notation Association (1954or55). He worked at: Research chemist, Hercules Powder Co. 1936-39; Assistant research director, Trojan Powder Co. 1939-42; Chemical engineer, Cooper Union 1942-45; Head of department of chemical research, Ray-O-Vac 1945-63; Research chemist, US Army, Fort Detrich 1963-?.

He designed a linear notation system which the ISI adopted to use in some of their products (1968) and still use today, and it was also adopted for internal use by many pharmaceutical companies the best tool to get at chemical structure and to represent it and print it in its day (mid 60s to 80s).

A brief note about Wiswesser Line Notation System appears in Wikipedia at: <nowiki>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiswesser_line_notation</nowiki>

== Awards ==

* Skolnik Award (ACS) 1980 for pioneering mathematical, physical, and chemical methods of punched-card and computer-stored representation of molecular structures, leading to the creation of the Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) for concise storage and retrieval of chemical structures; WLN was adopted by the largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies worldwide to manage their chemical structure files, and by many secondary indexes, atlases of data, and catalogs of chemical compounds.

== Offices ==

== Further reading ==
*"William Wiswesser" ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wiswesser]
*Gelberg, Alan, "William Joseph Wiswesser 1914 – 1989," ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences'' 30, no 1 (1990): 1. Obituary [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ci00065a001]

== Papers ==
'''LOCATION #1''' Lehigh University Libraries, Mart Science and Engineering Library, Bethlehem, PA 18015

* Papers dates:
* Size:
* Includes:
** The Wiswesser Line Notation (Chemistry)
** Manuscripts
** Papers of Dr. Wiswesser on his system for encoding chemical compounds
* Finding aid:
* Source: Subject Collections, 7th ed. Volume 2 M-Z

William J. Paisley

2025-06-04T02:33:35Z

Smith2:

'''William J. Paisley''' (b. 1937) is an American communications scholar.

== Life ==
'''William John ("Bill") Paisley''' was born on September 14, 1937 in Syracuse, New York. He attended Syracuse University, BA 1960; MA 1962) then Stanford University, PhD in Communication, 1965, with a dissertation on "Extent of information-seeking as a function of subjective certainty and the utility of the information".

Paisley was assistant professor, then associate professor at Stanford University, Palo Alto, 1965-1985. He then became Executive vice president, Knowledge Access Inc., Mountain View, California, in 1985.

== Contributions ==
Paisley is noteworthy for his research in sociology and psychology, especially his writing in needs for and uses of information in the social sciences. Prior work had been largely limited to the uses of information in the sciences.

== Publications ==
*"Predicting library circulation from community characteristics." With Edwin B. Parker. ''Public Opinion Quarterly'' 29, no. 1 (1965): 39-53.
*''The flow of (behavioral) science information: a review of the research literature''. With Edwin Parker. [Stanford, CA]: Institute for Communication Research, Stanford University, 1966.
*"Research for psychologists at the interface of the scientist and his information system." With Edwin B. Parker. ''American Psychologist'' 21, no 11 (1966): 1061.
*"Information Needs and Uses." ''Annual Review of Information Science and Technology'' 3 (1968): 1–30.
*''The Analysis of Communication Content; Developments in Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques''. With George Gerbner and others. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969.
*"Information science as a multidiscipline: twenty questions and a few answers" (1989).
*''Women and the Mass Media: Sourcebook for Research and Action''. With Matilda Butler.
New York : Human Sciences Press, 1980.
*"Scientific literacy and the competition for public attention and understanding." ''Science Communication'' 20, no. 1 (1998): 70-80.

== Offices ==
*Member of advisory panels United States Government, Washington, 1970-1992.
*Knowledge Utilization Society. President, 1990.

== Further reading ==
*"William John Paisley." ''Prabook'' Profile. [https://prabook.com/web/william_john.paisley/575155]

William J. Paisley

2025-06-04T02:32:11Z

Smith2:

'''William J. Paisley''' (b. 1937) is an American information specialist.

== Life ==
'''William John ("Bill") Paisley''' was born on September 14, 1937 in Syracuse, New York. He attended Syracuse University, BA 1960; MA 1962) then Stanford University, PhD in Communication, 1965, with a dissertation on "Extent of information-seeking as a function of subjective certainty and the utility of the information".

Paisley was assistant professor, then associate professor at Stanford University, Palo Alto, 1965-1985. He then became Executive vice president, Knowledge Access Inc., Mountain View, California, in 1985.

== Contributions ==
Paisley was noted for his research in sociology and psychology, especially his writing in needs for and uses of information in the social sciences. Prior work had been largely limited to the uses of information in the sciences.

== Publications ==
*"Predicting library circulation from community characteristics." With Edwin B. Parker. ''Public Opinion Quarterly'' 29, no. 1 (1965): 39-53.
*''The flow of (behavioral) science information: a review of the research literature''. With Edwin Parker. [Stanford, CA]: Institute for Communication Research, Stanford University, 1966.
*"Research for psychologists at the interface of the scientist and his information system." With Edwin B. Parker. ''American Psychologist'' 21, no 11 (1966): 1061.
*"Information Needs and Uses." ''Annual Review of Information Science and Technology'' 3 (1968): 1–30.
*''The Analysis of Communication Content; Developments in Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques''. With George Gerbner and others. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969.
*"Information science as a multidiscipline: twenty questions and a few answers" (1989).
*''Women and the Mass Media: Sourcebook for Research and Action''. With Matilda Butler.
New York : Human Sciences Press, 1980.
*"Scientific literacy and the competition for public attention and understanding." ''Science Communication'' 20, no. 1 (1998): 70-80.

== Offices ==
*Member of advisory panels United States Government, Washington, 1970-1992.
*Knowledge Utilization Society. President, 1990.

== Further reading ==
*"William John Paisley." ''Prabook'' Profile. [https://prabook.com/web/william_john.paisley/575155]

William J. Paisley

2025-06-02T17:23:22Z

Smith2: