International Business Machines - Revision history

Smith2 at 03:10, 14 January 2025

2025-01-14T03:10:20Z

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	A concordance is a index to all of the words in a book, excepting insignificant words enumerated in a "stop-list. Concordances to the Bible pointing to chapter and verse are well-known form.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_concordance] In 1864 British librarian, Andrea Crestadoro proposed indexing using words in text as a rapid and economical method for indexing.		A concordance is a index to all of the words in a book, excepting insignificant words enumerated in a "stop-list. Concordances to the Bible pointing to chapter and verse are well-known form.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_concordance] In 1864 British librarian, Andrea Crestadoro proposed indexing using words in text as a rapid and economical method for indexing.

	At IBM [[Hans Peter Luhn]] recognized that punch card systems were suitable for this routine method for generating indexes and, importantly, that valuable explanatory context could be automatically added by showing adjacent text immediately before and after each term. This became known a ~~Keyword in~~ Context (KWIC), with variant display formats "out of context" (KWOC) and "alongside context" (KWAC). KWIC and its variants were widely used until computing became a lot less expensive. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Word_in_Context]		At IBM [[Hans Peter Luhn]] recognized that punch card systems were suitable for this routine method for generating indexes and, importantly, that valuable explanatory context could be automatically added by showing adjacent text immediately before and after each term. This became known a KeyWord In Context (KWIC), with variant display formats "out of context" (KWOC) and "alongside context" (KWAC). KWIC and its variants were widely used until computing became a lot less expensive. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Word_in_Context]

	=== Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) ===		=== Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) ===

Smith2 at 23:31, 12 January 2025

2025-01-12T23:31:21Z

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	*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.		*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
	*Bradshaw, P. D. "The Walnut system: A large capacity document storage and retrieval system." ''American documentation'' 13, no. 3 (1962): 270-75.		*Bradshaw, P. D. "The Walnut system: A large capacity document storage and retrieval system." ''American documentation'' 13, no. 3 (1962): 270-75.
	*Burke, Colin B, ''America's information wars: The untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and politics from World War II to the intenet age.'' Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.		*Burke, Colin B. ''America's information wars: The untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and politics from World War II to the intenet age.'' Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.

Smith2: Added "Further reading"

2025-01-12T23:30:04Z

Added "Further reading"

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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.		*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
			*Bradshaw, P. D. "The Walnut system: A large capacity document storage and retrieval system." ''American documentation'' 13, no. 3 (1962): 270-75.
	*Burke, Colin B, ''America's information wars: The untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and politics from World War II to the intenet age.'' Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.		*Burke, Colin B, ''America's information wars: The untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and politics from World War II to the intenet age.'' Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Smith2 at 20:59, 12 January 2025

2025-01-12T20:59:08Z

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	Walnut used chips [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102672467].		Walnut used chips [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102672467].
	A prototype used cells containing 50 strips of ultraviolet-sensitive, heat developed Kalfax film. Strips are 0.005 inch thick, 15 inches long, and 0.9 inch wide, and contained 200 images in four columns of 50 images each, for a total storage of 10,000 full pages of information per cell. Addressed by punched IBM photocards, which serve as the output vehicle.		A prototype used cells containing 50 strips of ultraviolet-sensitive, heat developed Kalfax film. Strips are 0.005 inch thick, 15 inches long, and 0.9 inch wide, and contained 200 images in four columns of 50 images each, for a total storage of 10,000 full pages of information per cell. Addressed by punched IBM photocards, which serve as the output vehicle. A hook with two fingers [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102672480] would snatch each strip.

	The System was intended to provide immediate access to any of the two million document pages contained in the two hundred cells making up a module of the File. The photocards may be viewed for simple reference, or hard copies may be made on commercially available printers.		The System was intended to provide immediate access to any of the two million document pages contained in the two hundred cells making up a module of the File. The photocards may be viewed for simple reference, or hard copies may be made on commercially available printers.

Smith2: Added details.

2025-01-12T20:32:25Z

Added details.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 12 January 2025
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	'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (IBM) is a major US-based computer company.		'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (IBM) is a major US-based computer company.

	'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (IBM) was founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in 1911 and renamed International Business Machine Corporation in 1924. It specialized in punch card equipment until World Work II, but had built up a patent position in electronics. IBM, nick-named "Big Blue," then became dominant in computer hardware and software in the second half of the 20th century.

	IBM equipment was very widely used in information technology infrastructure, including for information storage and retrieval systems.		'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (IBM) was founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in 1911 and renamed International Business Machine Corporation in 1924. It specialized in punch card equipment until World Work II, but had built up a patent position in electronics. IBM, nick-named "Big Blue," then became dominant in computer hardware and software in the second half of the 20th century. IBM equipment was very widely used in information technology infrastructure, including for information storage and retrieval systems. For more on IBM see "IBM" ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM].

	~~For more on IBM see "IBM" ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM].~~		This article is limited to IBM's direct contributions to documentation and information retrieval services.

	This article is limited to IBM's direct ~~involvement in~~ documentation and information retrieval services.

	== Contributions to documentation ==		== Contributions to documentation ==
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	=== Keyword in Context (KWIC) ===		=== Keyword in Context (KWIC) ===
	A concordance is a index to all of the words in a book, excepting insignificant words enumerated on a "stop-list. Concordances to the Bible pointing to chapter and verse are well-known form.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_concordance] In 1864 British librarian, Andrea Crestadoro proposed indexing using words in text as a rapid and economical method for indexing.		A concordance is a index to all of the words in a book, excepting insignificant words enumerated in a "stop-list. Concordances to the Bible pointing to chapter and verse are well-known form.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_concordance] In 1864 British librarian, Andrea Crestadoro proposed indexing using words in text as a rapid and economical method for indexing.

	At IBM [[Hans Peter Luhn]] recognized punch card systems were suitable for this routine method for generating indexes and, importantly, that valuable ~~explanation~~ could be ~~provided~~ showing adjacent text immediately before and after each term ~~, thereby adding context~~. This became known a Keyword in Context (KWIC), with variant display formats "out of context" (KWOC) and "alongside context" (KWAC). KWIC and its variants were widely used until computing became a lot less expensive. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Word_in_Context]		At IBM [[Hans Peter Luhn]] recognized that punch card systems were suitable for this routine method for generating indexes and, importantly, that valuable explanatory context could be automatically added by showing adjacent text immediately before and after each term. This became known a Keyword in Context (KWIC), with variant display formats "out of context" (KWOC) and "alongside context" (KWAC). KWIC and its variants were widely used until computing became a lot less expensive. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Word_in_Context]

	=== Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) ===		=== Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) ===
	"Selective Dissemination of Information" (SDI) refers to current awareness services that automatically ~~notifying~~ readers of documents that match their stated interests. This was also developed and popularized by [[Hans Peter Luhn]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information]		"Selective Dissemination of Information" (SDI) refers to current awareness services that automatically notify readers when documents that match their stated interests are acquired and indexed. This was also developed and popularized by [[Hans Peter Luhn]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information]

			=== Walnut ===
			The Walnut Information Retrieval System was microfilm rapid selector system using small strips of film ("chips") instead of long rolls. Long rolls, as used in the Statistical Machine developed by [[Emanuel Goldberg]] and the Microfilm Raid Selector designed by [[Vannevar Bush]] depended on time-consuming serial search of one or more rolls and for that reason did not scale well. Something much closer to random access to locate specific documents directly could be approximated by a two stage process: First retrieve the right chip, then find the right location on that chip. Jacques Samain's Filmorex was a well-known example. However, scaling up to very large collections was difficult and expensive because it required extreme engineering precision at high speed, but this is what the Minicard system of [[Kodak]] and IBM's Walnut system tried to do.

			Walnut used chips [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102672467].
			A prototype used cells containing 50 strips of ultraviolet-sensitive, heat developed Kalfax film. Strips are 0.005 inch thick, 15 inches long, and 0.9 inch wide, and contained 200 images in four columns of 50 images each, for a total storage of 10,000 full pages of information per cell. Addressed by punched IBM photocards, which serve as the output vehicle.

			The System was intended to provide immediate access to any of the two million document pages contained in the two hundred cells making up a module of the File. The photocards may be viewed for simple reference, or hard copies may be made on commercially available printers.

			Six copies of the Walnut system were reportedly supplied at US government agencies, but advances in digital computing and digital storage gradually displaced microfilm in retrieval systems.

	~~Other individuals~~ involved with IBM include: [[Howard Hathaway Aiken\|Howard H. Aiken]], [[Steve Furth]], [[Manfred Kochen]], [[Herbert Marvin Ohlman\|Herbert M. Ohlman]], [[Israel A. Warheit]] and [[Herbert S. White]].		Individuals involved with IBM include: [[Howard Hathaway Aiken\|Howard H. Aiken]], [[Steve Furth]], [[Manfred Kochen]], [[Herbert Marvin Ohlman\|Herbert M. Ohlman]], [[Israel A. Warheit]] and [[Herbert S. White]].

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.		*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
			*Burke, Colin B, ''America's information wars: The untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and politics from World War II to the intenet age.'' Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Smith2: Added publication

2025-01-11T22:32:29Z

Added publication

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:32, 11 January 2025
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	=== Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) ===		=== Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) ===
	"Selective Dissemination of Information" (SDI) refers ~~tocurrentawarness systems for~~ automatically notifying readers of documents that match their stated interests. This also developed and popularized by [[Hans Peter Luhn]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information]		"Selective Dissemination of Information" (SDI) refers to current awareness services that automatically notifying readers of documents that match their stated interests. This was also developed and popularized by [[Hans Peter Luhn]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information]

	Other individuals involved with IBM include: [[Howard Hathaway Aiken\|Howard H. Aiken]], [[Steve Furth]], [[Manfred Kochen]], [[Herbert Marvin Ohlman\|Herbert M. Ohlman]], [[Israel A. Warheit]] and [[Herbert S. White]].		Other individuals involved with IBM include: [[Howard Hathaway Aiken\|Howard H. Aiken]], [[Steve Furth]], [[Manfred Kochen]], [[Herbert Marvin Ohlman\|Herbert M. Ohlman]], [[Israel A. Warheit]] and [[Herbert S. White]].

			== Further reading ==
			*Bourne, Charles P. & Trudi B.Hahn. ''A history of online information services, 1963-1976''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Smith2 at 21:16, 11 January 2025

2025-01-11T21:16:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 11 January 2025
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	"Selective Dissemination of Information" (SDI) refers tocurrentawarness systems for automatically notifying readers of documents that match their stated interests. This also developed and popularized by [[Hans Peter Luhn]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information]		"Selective Dissemination of Information" (SDI) refers tocurrentawarness systems for automatically notifying readers of documents that match their stated interests. This also developed and popularized by [[Hans Peter Luhn]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information]

	~~Individuals~~ involved include: [[Howard Hathaway Aiken\|Howard H. Aiken]] [[Steve Furth]] [[Manfred Kochen]] ~~[[Hans Peter Luhn\|Hans P. Luhn]]~~ [[Herbert Marvin Ohlman\|Herbert M. Ohlman]] [[Israel A. Warheit]] [[Herbert S. White]].		Other individuals involved with IBM include: [[Howard Hathaway Aiken\|Howard H. Aiken]], [[Steve Furth]], [[Manfred Kochen]], [[Herbert Marvin Ohlman\|Herbert M. Ohlman]], [[Israel A. Warheit]] and [[Herbert S. White]].

Smith2: Re-formatted and initial revision.

2025-01-11T21:15:16Z

Re-formatted and initial revision.

Show changes

Amandashelton: Added more info to Library of Congress papers location, including extent and finding aid link; Edited IBM Archives address and phone number; Updated IBM Archives info and source; updated active dates

2023-09-14T21:36:00Z

Added more info to Library of Congress papers location, including extent and finding aid link; Edited IBM Archives address and phone number; Updated IBM Archives info and source; updated active dates

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	International Business Machines		International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
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	</td>		1911-present</td>
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	For more information ~~about the history of IBM~~ see the IBM homepage: http://www.ibm.com/		Incorporated as Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in 1911; renamed International Business Machine Corporation in 1924<sup>1</sup>

			For more information, see the IBM homepage: http://www.ibm.com/
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	</td>		1. IBM. (2023, September 14). In ''Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Business-Machines-Corporation</td>
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	</td>		13.6 linear feet</td>
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	Library of Congress		Library of Congress

			Finding aid at [https://findingaids.loc.gov/exist_collections/ead3pdf/mss/1997/ms997007.pdf#:~:text=The%20papers%20of%20Herman%20Hollerith,papers%20were%20given%20by%20Mrs. https://findingaids.loc.gov/exist_collections/ead3pdf/mss/1997/ms997007.pdf#:~:text=The%20papers%20of%20Herman%20Hollerith,papers%20were%20given%20by%20Mrs.]
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Amandashelton: Edited IBM Archives address and phone number; Updated papers info and source

2023-09-14T21:22:52Z

Edited IBM Archives address and phone number; Updated papers info and source

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	IBM Archives~~, 400 Columbus Avenue, Valhalla~~, NY ~~10595, (914) 766~~-~~0610.~~		IBM Archives
	</td>
			2455 South Road

			Building 04-02; CSC12

			Poughkeepsie, NY 12601

			845-433-2759 </td>
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	</td>		1890-present, bulk 1940-1985</td>
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	</td>		10,000 cubic feet of print documentation; 15,000 films/videotapes; 1500 business machines</td>
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	~~Records which document~~ the ~~evolution~~ and ~~history~~ of ~~IBM and its predecessor~~ companies~~; The~~ collection ~~includes~~: ~~Advertisements (1912-1985), Manuals (1940-1982), Films/Videos (1930s-)~~, ~~Photographs~~ (~~1890-1984) including punched cards~~, ~~ENIAC, Whirlwind and others, Press Releases (1959-1973)~~, ~~Promotional Brochures (1960-1982); Proposal Inserts (1968-1980~~), ~~Serial Publications (1911-) including <i>IBM Data Processor</i>~~, ~~<i>IBM Systems Journal</i>~~, ~~<i>Journal of Research and Development</i>~~, and ~~<i>Think Magazine<~~/~~i>, Thomas J~~. ~~Watson, Sr. Papers (1915~~-~~1956), and Miscellaneous Collections; Intended for use by IBM employees only, therefore anyone wishing~~ to ~~use the archives should contact the archivist for permission~~.		The IBM Archives documents the growth and development of one of the world's leading technology companies. Strengths of the collection include: The Thomas J. Watson Sr. papers, corporate communications (press releases, publications, advertisements), annual reports, product documentation, photographs, and A/V materials. Also of note is an extensive collection of precision business equipment ranging from 18th-century adding machines to 19th-century clocks to 20th-century mainframe computers. Limited public access.
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	~~Cortada~~, ~~James W~~.~~, <i>Archives~~ of ~~Data~~-~~Processing History<~~/i~~>. Greenwood Press: New York, 1990, pp. 121~~-~~128.~~		Society of American Archivists. (2017, October 27). ''Directory of corporate archives''. https://www2.archivists.org/groups/business-archives-section/directory-of-corporate-archives-in-the-united-states-and-canada-i-k
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