Claude E. Shannon: Difference between revisions

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Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001) was an American mathematician and electrical engineer.

Life

Claude Elwood Shannon was born April 30, 1916 in Petosky, MI. He earned a BS in both electrical engineering and mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1936. His Master's thesis in electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) demonstrated that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship, thereby establishing the theory behind digital computing and digital circuits. He also completed a PhD in mathematics at MIT with a dissertation focused on genetics.

In 1940, Shannon became a National Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. He worked at Bell Labs on fire-control systems and cryptography during World War II under a contract with the National Defense Research Committee. In 1956 Shannon joined the MIT faculty, holding an endowed chair. He worked in the Research Laboratory of Electronics and continued to serve on the MIT faculty until 1978, then as emeritus professor. He died Feb 24, 2001 in Medford, MA.

Contributions

Shannon's extensive contributions to and influence on circuitry, computing, cryptography, artificial intelligence, and much more are covered in detail elsewhere.[1]

His communication theory built on two insights: (i) That information reflects choices made; and thus reduces uncertainty and (ii) that information is inversely proportional to the amount of uncertainty. Further, probability can be used as a measure of uncertainty.

Shannon was concerned with the engineering problem of transmitting a message and he was explicit that his theory had nothing to do with meaning. "These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem," he wrote. His theory became known as "information theory" despite the ambiguity concerning whether "information" relates to meaning. This ambiguity and Warren Weaver's popularization, which implied that Shannon's communication theory of the reliability of digital signals could be extended to include the transmission of meaning, has resulted in the relevance of Shannon's work to documentation and information services being widely widely misunderstood. He expressed his concern in his "Bandwagon" statement in 1956. [2]

Shannon worked briefly on Vannevar Bush's microfilm rapid selector.

Publications

Shannon's Collected papers (1993) has a complete list of 127 publications on pp xxxv-xliv. Many Shannon publications are listed by Google Scholar. [3]

Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected papers. Ed, by N, J, A, Sloane & A. D. Wyner. New York: IEEE Press, 1993.
"A mathematical theory of communication." Bell System Technical Journal 27, no. 3 (1948): 379-423 & 623-656.
"Communication theory of secrecy systems." Bell System Technical Journal 28, no. 4 (1949): 656-715.
The mathematical theory of communication. With Warren Weaver. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1949.
"XXII. Programming a computer for playing chess." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 41, no. 314 (1950): 256-275.
"Prediction and entropy of printed English." Bell system technical journal 30, no. 1 (1951): 50-64.
"The bandwagon." IRE Transactions on Information Theory 2, no 1 (March 1956): 3. [4]
"Channels with side information at the transmitter." IBM journal of Research and Development 2, no. 4 (1958): 289-293.

Papers

Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. Claude Elwood Shannon Papers. ID No. MSS84831. 1932-1995 (bulk 1938-1989). [6]

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+[[File:C.E. Shannon. Tekniska museet 43069 (cropped).jpg|alt=Claude E. Shannon|thumb|Claude E. Shannon]]
+'''Claude E. Shannon''' (1916-2001) was an American mathematician and electrical engineer.
 == Life ==
-Shannon was interested in boolean algebra & switching circuits, communication theory, mathematical cryptography, and computing machines. He worked at: MIT, assistant electrical engineer & mathematician 1936-39; National Defense Research Committee, research mathematician 1940-41; Bell Telephone Labs, research mathematician 1941-57; MIT: Donner professor of science 1958-80; Emeritus Donner professor of science 1980-?.
+'''Claude Elwood Shannon''' was born April 30, 1916 in Petosky, MI. He earned a BS in both electrical engineering and mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1936. His Master's thesis in electrical engineering at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) demonstrated that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship, thereby establishing the theory behind digital computing and digital circuits. He also completed a PhD in mathematics at MIT with a dissertation focused on genetics.
-He has been called "the Father of information theory" (Lilley-Trice). His theory "considered the transmission of information as a statistical phenomenon." It gave communications engineers a way to determine the capacity of a communication channel. His theory is not "concerned with the content of information or the message itself" and, therefore, some feel should not be called information theory (Farkas-Conn).
+In 1940, Shannon became a National Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. He worked at Bell Labs on fire-control systems and cryptography during World War II under a contract with the National Defense Research Committee.
+In 1956 Shannon joined the MIT faculty, holding an endowed chair. He worked in the Research Laboratory of Electronics and continued to serve on the MIT faculty until 1978, then as emeritus professor.
+He died Feb 24, 2001 in Medford, MA.
-See additional biographical information and an assessment of his influence at: <nowiki>http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/work.html</nowiki>
+== Contributions ==
+Shannon's extensive contributions to and influence on circuitry, computing, cryptography, artificial intelligence, and much more are covered in detail elsewhere.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon]
-Also, see a detailed page on him in Wikipedia at: <nowiki>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon</nowiki>
+His communication theory built on two insights: (i) That information reflects choices made; and thus reduces uncertainty and (ii) that information is inversely proportional to the amount of uncertainty. Further, probability can be used as a measure of uncertainty.
-== Employment ==
+Shannon was concerned with the engineering problem of transmitting a message and he was explicit that his theory had nothing to do with ''meaning''. "These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant  to the engineering problem," he wrote. His theory became known as "information theory" despite the ambiguity concerning whether "information" relates to meaning. This ambiguity and Warren Weaver's popularization, which implied that Shannon's communication theory of the reliability of digital signals could be extended to include the transmission of meaning, has resulted in the relevance of Shannon's work to documentation and information services being widely widely misunderstood. He expressed his concern in his "Bandwagon" statement in 1956. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1056774]
-* Bell Labs
+Shannon worked briefly on [[Vannevar Bush|Vannevar Bush's]] microfilm rapid selector.
-* MIT
-== Awards ==
+== Publications ==
+Shannon's ''Collected papers'' (1993) has a complete list of 127 publications on pp xxxv-xliv.
+Many Shannon publications are listed by Google Scholar. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Claude+E.+Shannon%22]
-* 1940 Noble Award
+*''Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected papers''. Ed, by N, J, A, Sloane & A. D. Wyner. New York: IEEE Press, 1993.
-* 1949 Morris Liebmann Mem. Award
+*"A mathematical theory of communication." ''Bell System Technical Journal'' 27, no. 3 (1948): 379-423 & 623-656.
-* 1955 Stuart Balletine Medal
+*"Communication theory of secrecy systems." ''Bell System Technical Journal'' 28, no. 4 (1949): 656-715.
-* 1958 Vanuxem Lectr (Princeton)
+*''The mathematical theory of communication''. With Warren Weaver. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1949.
-* 1962 Steinmetz Lectr (Univ. Schenectady)
+*"XXII. Programming a computer for playing chess." ''The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science'' 41, no. 314 (1950): 256-275.
-* 1966 Medal of Honor (IEEE) 1966 National Medal of Science
+*"Prediction and entropy of printed English." ''Bell system technical journal'' 30, no. 1 (1951): 50-64.
+*"The bandwagon." ''IRE Transactions on Information Theory'' 2, no 1 (March 1956): 3. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1056774]
+*"Channels with side information at the transmitter." ''IBM journal of Research and Development'' 2, no. 4 (1958): 289-293.
-== Offices ==
+== Further reading ==
+*Shannon's ''Collected papers'' (1993) has a "Biography" (pp xi-xvii) and an interview (pp xix-xxxiii).
+*"Claude Shannon." ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon]
+*Badia, Antonio. ''The Information Manifold''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019, esp chap 2.
+*Gallager, Robert G. "Claude E. Shannon: A retrospective on his life, work, and impact." ''IEEE Transactions on Information Theory'' 47, no. 7 (2001): 2681-2695.
+*Soni, Jimmy, & Rob Goodman. ''A mind at play: How Claude Shannon invented the information age''. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2017.
 == Papers ==
-'''Location #1:''' MIT Libraries; details about the collection not available.
+*Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. Claude Elwood Shannon Papers. ID No.	MSS84831. 1932-1995 (bulk 1938-1989). [https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003071]