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'''Henriette Avram''' (1919–2006) was an US computer programmer who developed the MARC format.
[[File:Henriette Avram.jpg|alt=Henriette Avram|thumb|Henriette Avram]]

== Life ==
'''Henriette Davidson Avram''' was born on October 7, 1919 in Manhattan, New York city. She majored in pre-medicine at Hunter College for two years during the 1930s. In 1952 she joined the National Security Agency as a systems analyst and an early computer programmer. She also took advanced mathematics classes at George Washington University. She later worked as a systems analyst and programmer at the American Research Bureau and then at Datatrol. At Datatrol, her attempt to organize the firm’s library brought her into contact with cataloging concepts. Becoming more and more interested in the idea of a bibliographic utility — a tool for sharing automated, cataloged information about books -— in 1965 she took a position as a systems analyst at the Library of Congress, where she led the development of the Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC) format for communicating library catalog data. She died on April 22, 2006 in Miami, Florida.

== Contributions ==
Avram is known for her role in developing the MARC format, an international communications protocol. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_standards] Completed at the Library of Congress in 1968 the MARC has a complex structure that makes it extremely compact. It was implemented in 1971 and adopted as a US national standard (NISO/ANSI standard Z39.2,), became the international standard (ISO 2709) in 1973 and continued to evolve in conjunction with cataloging rules and standards for bibliographic description. The MARC format had a profound effect because it enabled the sharing of bibliographic records between quite different local library systems. 

== Publications ==
Google Scholar lists many publications [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Henriette+D.+Avram%22]

*"Fields of information on Library of Congress catalog cards: Analysis of a random sample, 1950-1964." With  K. D. Guiles & G. T. Meade. ''Library Quarterly'' 37, no. 2 (1967): 180-192.
*''The MARC II Format: A Communications Format for Bibliographic Data.'' With others. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1968. ERIC report ED 024 413. [https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED024413]
*''The MARC Pilot Project. Final Report.'' Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1968. ERIC report ED 029 663. [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED029663.pdf]
*''MARC; its History and Implications.'' Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1975. ERIC report ED 127 954. [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED127954.pdf]
*"Authority control and its place." ''Journal of academic librarianship'' 9, no. 6 (1984): 331-35.
*"The Linked Systems Project: Its Implications for Resource Sharing." ''Library resources and technical services'' 30, no. 1 (1986): 36-46.

== Offices ==
Avram served on the Board of Directors of the Library Information Technology Association (LITA) and the [[ASIST|American Society for Information Science]].

== Awards ==
Henriette Avram received numerous awards from professional associations and other institutions, including three honorary doctorates. Many are listed in the ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Avram]

== Further reading ==
*"Henriette D. Avram" ''LISWiki'' [https://liswiki.org/wiki/Henriette_D._Avram]
*"Henriette Avram" ''Wikipedia'' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Avram]
*Schudel, Matt. "Henriette D. Avram; Transformed Libraries." [Obituary] ''Washington Post'' (April 28, 2006) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/27/AR2006042702105.html] Reprinted in the ''Library of Congress Information Bulletin'' 65, no 5 (May 2006) [https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0605/avram.html]
*Dwoskin, Beth. "Henriette Avram: Innovative Librarian 1919 – 2006." ''Jewish Womens Archive'' [https://jwa.org/weremember/avram-henriette]

== Papers ==
*Library of Congress Archives, Washington, DC. Henriette D. Avram MARC development collection, 1964-1989. MSS86180. Materials related to the development of the MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging) standard and related international standards. [https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadlca.lc017002]